Pupils Welfare And Academic Attainment Education Essay

Pastoral attention, or as it is known in an educational scene as Personal, Social, Health and Economic instruction or PSHE, has been under much argument and examination in the last decennary or so. The discourse environing this country of instruction is about how of import it is and if it has a topographic point within or alongside the National Curriculum. There are inquiries about the relevancy PSHE plays within schools and whether it is 2nd to the more academic based topics, and if it is in fact an country that needs to be included who is tasked with the occupation of presenting it? The chief publications I will be utilizing to discourse the inquiry are, Positions on Pastoral Care ; Pastoral Care and Personal Social Education: Entitlement and Provision ; Problems and Practice of Pastoral Care ; How to be a Successful Form Tutor ; The Pastoral and the Academic. Additionally to these I will be doing usage of articles, electronic stuff and an review study by Ofsted into PSHE. Pastoral attention and personal-social instruction can be found to arise before the Education Act was formed in 1944 and some grounds day of the months as far back as the last century. Although it was non until the 1970s, and shortly after critics, that publications about pastoral attention began to emerge in print, so it can safely be said that PSHE and pastoral attention has existed alongside instruction for a piece, ( Best et al, 1995 ) . A diffused construct from the general consensus for a sensible definition of PSHE is ; â€Å" Personal, societal, wellness and economic ( PSHE ) instruction is a planned programme of larning chances and experiences that help kids and immature people grow and develop as persons and as members of households and of societal and economic communities † .[ 1 ] ( PSHE Education, ND ) When it comes to pastoral attention a phrase which is going progressively used is ‘the concealed course of study ‘ , a phrase that defines a side consequence of larning which is non intentionally intended. The expostulation to this is that no portion of the course of study should be ‘hidden ‘ , for merely if it is openly defined can at that place be a plausible and incorporate structured programme of PSHE within schools, ( Marland & A ; Rogers, 2004, p.20 ) . An interesting point raised by Keith Blackburn that can associate to the ‘hidden course of study ‘ is that each member of the teaching staff, non merely the signifier coach, contributes in assorted ways to countries focused on the PSHE lessons, something I will turn to subsequently in this reappraisal ( Blackburn cited in Best et Al, 1980 p.58 ) . Overall, it is clear in some countries that there are values based on PSHE within schools and it is seen as an indispensable facet of ‘whole s chool ‘ ethos, furthering a safe and unafraid environment where kids are able to larn. So, from my initial readings it seems that the function of the signifier coach is to better the overall well-being of the student with the purpose of it holding a positive impact on the remainder of their instruction. With this general background in head we can get down to discourse how the place held by the pastoral carer/form coach is important to pupils ‘ public assistance and academic attainment. The signifier coach can hold many functions within a school, he/she are the first grownup students will run into in the forenoon and he/she have more contact clip with each student in comparing to their capable instructors. As a instructor he/she is at that place to supply support and counsel, every bit good as being a function theoretical account to whom their students can look up to. Dillon and Maguire acknowledge this in their book Becoming a Teacher, and so travel on to state â€Å" merely being there is an of import factor, supplying students with what might be the lone point of security in the instance of those with helter-skelter lives † , ( Dillon & A ; Maguire, 2011, p.371 ) . In turn toing the point made by Blackburn brought up earlier in this treatment, subjects teacher can lend to countries focused on by the chief pastoral carer. Then once more their chief aim is to learn their course of study topic, unlike the signifier coach, they would non follow with a structur ed programme that students will profit from within PSHE lessons. Furthermore, while it is the responsibility of the signifier coach to advance ‘personal development ‘ , Blackburn besides insists the signifier coach has to understand the manner each student sees himself in order to lend to his farther apprehension and penetration † , ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, 1980, p.58 ) . This support of a signifier coach can be a great aid during the adolescent phase of a student ‘s life as Watkins ( 1981 ) explains that one of the chief country of the signifier coach ‘s function will be to see is merely that ‘adolescence ‘ . A slippery clip for a student as they are trying to develop their ain individuality and where they fit within the larger community. Watkins puts it as â€Å" striplings are continuously involved in experimenting with their self-presentation and judging the reactions thereto † , ( Watkins, ND, cited in Hamblin, 1981, p.22 ) . During his calling Douglas Hamblin ( 1981 ) had become progressively cognizant of schools where the pastoral system was under-functioning and doing small direct part to the attainment of the ‘whole schools ‘ ethos. He seems to admit that instructors were non the 1s to fault, the job stemmed from uneffective pastoral attention caused by a hapless deficiency of structured programmes from which carers could present utile lessons, ( Hamblin, 1981, p.3 ) . Fortunately, varied lineations of learning standards in these PSHE lessons can be found in many publications, in add-on necessary qualities in being a successful signifier coach can be besides be found. One peculiar publication which discusses both would be How to be a successful Form Tutor, by Marland & A ; Rogers, ( 2004 ) in which they describe that â€Å" a signifier coach is a instructor whose topic is the student herself † , ( Marland & A ; Rogers, 2004, p.19 ) . The suggestion here is that each student ‘s ‘personal development ‘ , addressed by Blackburn before, is different and they should hold their ain single acquisition program to assist them come on. Marland and Rogers so travel on to compose about a theoretical account that focuses on seven countries of personal-social growing drawn upon by Richard Pring ; these include rational and moral virtuousnesss, character traits, societal competences, practical and theoretical cognition and personal values, ( Pring, 1984, cited in Marland & A ; Rogers, 2004 p.22-4 ) .These countries described here can help in the betterment of both the public assistance of students and their overall academic accomplishment ; or as Calvert expresses it, â€Å" issues of emotional intelligence were cardinal to larning and non merely concerned with go toing to the public assistance of the kid † , ( Calvert, 2009, p. 274 ) . In 1980 there was a ‘Great Debate ‘ of instruction looking into the constitution of a more purposeful course of study ; the topic of pastoral attention was mistily addressed but non much was done about the â€Å" luxuriant and frequently complicated systems † that were in topographic point, â€Å" in which academic personal businesss were separated from public assistance and counsel † , ( Best et al, 1980, p. ( xi ) ) . In the publication The Pastoral and the Academic, Powers ( 1996 ) writes that in its early phases pastoral attention had been used as a manner to depict any undertaking that would non suit into the academic side of instruction, ( Power, 1996, p.30 ) . As it was defined chiefly in negative footings, it lacked internal coherency and organizing rules, ( Power, 1996, p.30 ) . So at that place seems to be this great oversight between both pastoral and academic, but some authors feel there is a demand to unite the two in an interlacing relationship so they can feed off each other to better public presentation of students ‘ well-being and faculty members. Hamblin feels that â€Å" the relationship of pastoral attention to achievement can non be stressed excessively strongly ( Hamblin, 1981, p4 ) . There is a big sum of grounds that suggests PSHE has had a strong influence on students in both positive and negative ways. Such an illustration is the Ofsted review study into personal, societal, wellness and economic instruction in schools, which took topographic point between September 2006 and July 2009 in 165 kept up schools in England. In one school visited students responded positively towards PSHE instruction, â€Å" exhibiting first-class behavior within lessons and had developed lively and joint debating accomplishments and were besides willing to listen to the positions of others † , ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . The students besides showed their societal and personal accomplishments in practical ways by moving as function theoretical accounts and wise mans for younger students. The findings suggest that many of the schools with consistent and good quality learning were really much dependent on whether PSHE was taught by non-specialist instructors ( who were frequently coachs ) or by instructors who had had some preparation in PSHE instruction † , ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . This analysis suggests the benefits from holding a strongly structured programme for PSHE lessons can help any type of coach deliver a lesson. There is grounds of negative positions towards pastoral attention picked up by Powers ( 1996 ) , Calvert ( 2009 ) and Hamblin ( 1981 ) . As discussed earlier, Hamblin acknowledges the under operation of pastoral attention, while Calvert explains there are seven ages of pastoral attention which have developed over the last 50 old ages. These are pastoral attention as ‘control ‘ ; as ‘individual demand ‘ ; as ‘group demand ‘ ; the ‘pastoral course of study ‘ ; for ‘implementation of the National Curriculum ‘ ; for ‘learning ‘ and for ‘the wider work force and the Every Child Matters docket ‘ , something Power besides picks up on in less item, ( Calvert, 1996, p 270-274 ) . It seems apparent that the function of the signifier coach, no affair how many significant alterations it goes through, one portion which remains critical and is agreed upon is the development of the students ‘ wellbeing, ( Rees, 2010, cited in Dillon & A ; Maguire, 2011 ) . This sentiment of â€Å" personal development † dealt with by Marland and Rogers ( 2004 ) is something that is besides picked up on by Keith Blackburn in Perspectives on Pastoral Care, depicting â€Å" a new function created for instructors in secondary schools whose main accent was cognizing single students † , ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, p.56 ) . Associating many of the Hagiographas is this impression of the academic and the pastoral working together alternatively of against each other. Best and fellow authors indicate in Perspective on Pastoral Care, that as far back as 1980 there is clear deliberation over the thought of segregating the pastoral course of study from academic as a questionable act and something that the ‘great argument in instruction ‘ should hold picked up on but failed to so, ( Best et al, 1980, P ( xi ) ) . Chris Watkins suggests that â€Å" schoolmasters and instructors should guarantee that pastoral attention in schools embodies a healthy balance between challenge and support for students † , ( Best et al, 1995, p.304 ) The division of PSHE course of study devoted to either public assistance of students or their academic accomplishment is nonsensical, as the focal point on supplying for personal growing and accomplishment together is a better model for success, ( Standish et Al. 2006, cited in Dillon and Maguire 2011 ) something for which Watkins ( 1981 ) and Powers ( 1996 ) agree on. Mentioning back to the original inquiry posed, I feel it can be concluded that the signifier coach is genuinely cardinal to helping in the ‘personal development ‘ of students in both well-being and academic attainment, ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, 1980, p.58 ) . It seems a common understanding that the responsibility of the signifier coach is to cognize the students as persons and help them in their ‘personal development ‘ of these countries. It is besides apparent that the academic side of instruction is improved by such subjects taught in PSHE as discovered by Ofsted during their reviews, ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . However, it is good and works better if there is a structured programme in topographic point to work to. Unfortunately there is no easy reply to what constitutes an in agreement pastoral course of study. Everyone seems to hold similar thoughts about what should and should non be included ; nevertheless there are excessively many inconsistent thoughts to do a refined construction as yet, ( Calvert, 1996, p.268 ) .

Similar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne

Similar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributed stories which contained dark struggles between characters and society with its rules of order of the time. Gothic writing is fantasy meant to entertain despite the fact that it depicts the political and social problems happening at the time. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allen Poe used their writing to allow them and readers deal with the problems of society, their own lives, and their inner demons. Poe and Hawthorne’s works are still being interpreted by generations of readers on many different levels. Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most valiant and significant writers of fiction before the Civil War. He gained fame for publishing, The Scarlet Letter, and was praised for his literary style. The Scarlet Letter, allowed him to direct attention to issues he valued. Other stories like, â€Å"The Birthmark,† and, â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter,† provided a unique view of a how a male dominated society can harm its women. Author Henry James considered him a genius and the most significant writer of his time (Norton Anthology, â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† 1272). Often Hawthorne’s jobs pulled him away from his writing but allowed him to support his family. Hawthorne skillfully used gothic elements in his writing to create a clear picture of some approaching death. Though he favored his poetry, Edgar Allan Poe was a master weaver of horror tales who influenced other writers such as T. S. Eliot and William Faulkner (Norton Anthology, â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† 1531). His lifetime of troubles may have shaped his stories of haunting and death. His reputation as one of the key writers of the macabre in the 18th century is due to selections of poetry and prose such as, â€Å"The Raven,† â€Å"The Purloined Letter,† â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado. † His story, â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue,† is considered to be the first modern detective story. Poe tried to make writing his sole means of work but found that was not possible so he spent time doing different jobs and even joining the military for a time, none of which worked out. He was prone to drinking and had health issues most of his life. For a time, he was an editor for different publications. However, after the death of his wife, Virginia, Poe’s weakness for drinking increased and partly contributed to his death. Hawthorne and Poe used gothic elements in their writing to build up the sense of impending doom. For example, â€Å"Some of Edgar Allan Poe’s work seems to follow a pattern: the indeterminate urban situations, the nightmare intensities, and above all, the confusions of consciousness as the protagonist’s madness destabilizes narrative and setting† (Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Three† 30). Poe used these near death situations and a dreamlike feeling in his writing coupled with his morbid sense of humor to reverse the outlook of his readers. He combined in his poetry and prose ways to make his readers quiver unspeakably and tantalize them with psychological complexities. In the selections â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and â€Å"The Murders at Rue Morgue,† he incorporates gothic elements of fantastic excess which invite and challenge interpretation (Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Three† 32). To illustrate this, â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne similarly internalized and domesticated the Gothic to explore its insights into the psychology of everyday life, and its applicability to history† (Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Three† 33). His tales are full of magical or fetish objects which are used to show a series of historical and personal meanings (Lloyd-Smith â€Å"Chapter Three† 33). Hawthorne used these elements to create a atmosphere of gothic strangeness that fascinate the reader due to the variety of meanings it contains such as the scarlet letter in his novel, The Scarlet Letter, â€Å" or the cryptic veil in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil. In particular, â€Å"‘The Fall of the House of Usher,’ is justly the most famous of all Poe’s gothic horrors. For it is only within the context of this nightmare that one can explain why â€Å"Usher,† occupies such an important place in the 19th century development of the Gothic genr e. With great attention to economy of expression and unity of effect, this pattern would be revisited by countless other Gothic stylists† (Dougherty 6). This means that Poe used the fantasy of impending doom in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† to change it from being just an upper class dream, to a tale of horror which brought together some of the political situations in the nineteenth century such as those of race and class. Hawthorne and Poe successfully incorporated gothic elements in their writing which provides greater insight to the meaning and interpretation of their works. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe utilized specific literary elements to bring their stories to life for their readers. For instance, Poe uses imagery to transform â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† into a rebellion of inharmonious elements. The house has the same structure as a human head, with windows shaped like eyes, and as it begins to fall into disrepair so to do the humans inhabiting the home, Roderick and Madeline. They are no longer governed by reason and there is a shift to corruption, insanity, and irrational behavior (Bloom 32). This means that the disintegration of the home mirrors the impending death of those living in the home as well. Ultimately, the home crumbles and is swallowed into the waters of a small lake after Madeline and Roderick die. In addition, Nathaniel Hawthorne prolific use of â€Å"emblems in his writing alerts us that they are allegories and that the stories go beyond the regional, historic, pastoral and gothic boundaries which generate and define them† (Heim & Bloom 49). This means in â€Å"The Birthmark,† the birthmark itself actually symbolizes life as opposed to imperfection because when Aylmer removes it from his wife’s face, he achieves the perfection he is seeking, but at the cost of her life. Alas, it was too true! The fatal Hand gad grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelic spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame. As the last crimson tint of the birth-mark—that sole token of human imperfection—faded from her cheek, the parting breath of the now perfect woman passed into the atmosphere, and her soul, lingering a mome nt, near her husband, took its heavenward flight† (Norton Anthology, â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† 1331). In addition, the emblem he uses in The Scarlet Letter, suggests the reader should seek more meaning regarding what it really was and what it was telling the reader because it was about more than just about forbidden love. In â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter, the garden itself became a source of poison despite its incredible beauty because the flowers that made it beautiful could kill anyone who comes close to them. Moreover, â€Å"Hawthorne’s tales are critiques of the nature and efficacy of conflicting values with which moral problems can be met† (Heim & Bloom 53). This means that because of his Puritan heritage, Hawthorne used his writing to explore the exchange of and the difficulty between situations dealing with desires and imagination. He looked at the moral problems and the limitations where desires and actions connect and struggle. In The Scarlet Letter, the circumstance is set for the struggle of forbidden sexual intercourse between Minister Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Poe and Hawthorne contributed stories which contained struggles between characters and the society and its rules of order of the time. For example, Hawthorne’s tales are often constructed to suggest that they are narratives veiled by something in the structure of the narrative itself† (Heim & Bloom 68). This means that Hawthorne’s selections describe people who are torn between their own wishes and the differing demands of society and its rules of right and wrong. They test one’s limits and the possibilities of sin and virtue with a great anxi ety for righteousness. Hawthorne had an intimate understanding of the elements that makeup and set apart the human condition. To illustrate, for Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"reason seems a masquerade, adopted only when convenient as in his analysis of his own poem, â€Å"The Raven,† that refuses submission to its rule. He claimed the existence of a Higher Reason, accessible by intuition and introspection and Poe’s fiction plays around this theme showing how his narrators attempt to contain their irrational experiences, drives, and desires within the rational framework†(Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Five† 68). Poe believed reason was useful on his terms and the irrational could be controlled to a certain degree. This is why he is considered the father of the short story. In addition, Poe’s prose, â€Å"continually confronts the material of the real body; or the corpse. Death is perpetually confronted, but the doorway opens only to the horror of this intransigent ‘real’† such as in, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart, which begins with the narrator explaining his reason for committing murder (Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Five† 69). â€Å"He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! Yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture—a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees—very gradually—I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever† (290 Poe). Also, characters in Poe’s stories seem to be awaiting death and cheat it long enough to be able to convey their last message before meeting some horrifying end. His narrators also began by explaining the reason for their misdeeds or misfortunes to the reader as a preface to the actual story. Hawthorne and Poe also used their writing to allow them to deal with the problems of society, their own lives, and their inner demons. To illustrate, â€Å"The Gothic world Hawthorne created in his fiction—with it’s his gloomy settings, concern with death, and explorations of the demonic—is central to his moral and thematic purposes as it allowed him a broad realm through which he could tell the dark truths about the world as he perceived it† (Lloyd-Smith, â€Å"Chapter Five† 71). This means that the gothic elements he used in this writing allowed him to tell about social injustices he felt strongly about. Some such issues were slavery and the degradation of women in a male dominated society. For example, â€Å"Poe's works are associated with death and horror, and he finds a place among the gothic writers. In fact, Poe's use of death as a central motif finds service only in his pursuit of the â€Å"effect† which Poe suggests should be the motivation behind the creation and development of any short story†Ã‚  (Pahl 8). The use of death as a central theme in his writing was helpful only if they produced a physical effect on the reader. Poe felt this gothic element should be the driving force behind any short story that is to be developed and worthy of reading. In addition, â€Å"Poe strived to achieve an emotional effect of either melancholy or terror when he chose the unanticipated and undeserved death of young maidens–soul mates either as wives or sisters–as the subject most likely to inspire this gothic effect† (Pahl 10). Poe often chose to portray women in his works as weak, sickly and almost deserving of some ghastly demise. The characters were usually young and whose roles were that of sisters or wives in the selections. Finally, Hawthorne and Poe both had a fascination with death and the supernatural, which they included in their writing. These gothic elements coupled with the lessons about life, death, morality, sin and virtue in a male dominated world make their writing major sources of study and discussion even today. Readers can choose to focus on Poe’s specific situations set up to produce a reaction or Hawthorne’s ability to draw attention to details and setting. Clearly these two gothic fiction writers helped establish the American short story with a dark twist. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. â€Å"Thematic Analysis of â€Å"The Haunted Palace†. â€Å"Bloom’s Major Poets: Edgar Allan Poe (Jan. 1999): 32-35. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Laredo Community College Library, Laredo, TX. 06 June 2009 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=lfh&AN=16466202&site=ehost-live Dougherty, Stephen. â€Å"Foucault in the House of Usher: Some Historical Permutations in Poe's Gothic. † Papers on Language & Literature 37. 1 (n. d. ): 3. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Laredo Community College Library, Laredo, TX. 0 June 2009 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=lfh&AN=4316178&site=ehost-live Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. Vol. B. New York, W. W. Norton & Co. , 2007. 1272-1495. Heims, Neil, and Harold Bloom.. â€Å"An Introduction to Some Elements of Nathaniel Hawthorne's Fiction. † Bloom's BioCritiques: Nathaniel Hawthorne (Jan. 2003 ): 49-78. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Laredo Community College Library, Laredo, TX. 24 June 2009 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. spx? direct=true=lfh=16305750=ehost-live Lloyd-Smith, Allan. â€Å"Chapter Five: Major Themes in American Gothic. † 65-132. Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd – Books, 2004. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Laredo Community College Library, Laredo, TX. 24 June 2009 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true=lfh=23674509=ehost-live   Lloyd-Smith, Allan. â€Å"Chapter Three: How to Read American Gothic. † 25-35. Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd — Books, 2004. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Laredo Community College Library, Laredo, TX. 25 June 2009 http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true=lfh=23674507=ehost-live Pahl, Dennis. Architects of the Abyss The Indeterminate Fictions of Poe, Hawthorne and Melville. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989. Poe, Edgar A. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym et al. Vol. B. New York, W. W. Norton & Co. , 2007. 1528-1626. Poe, Edgar A. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart. † The Portable Poe. Ed. Philip Van Doren Stern. New

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Socioeconomic classes - Essay Example On the other hand health issues due to poor nutrition, scarcity of resources, no revelation to the latest technologies, lack of education and awareness hampers the self-esteem of a child belonging to a family with low socioeconomic status. Parents of low socioeconomic group do not possess high degrees and lack exposure as well as confidence to face the competent world. Research reveals that SES is linked with an extensive assortment of physical condition, cognitive, and socio-poignant upshots in kids. These implications are experienced by the child right from the fetal stage and continue throughout the life (Bradley, 2002). Child belonging to high SES gets right to use various information, substances and communal sources or responses to deal with stress generating situations. SES influences welfare at numerous intensities, both within the family and those associated with the family and surroundings. Its implications are restrained by kids 's individual personality, relations and outs ide collaborative procedures (Bradley, 2002). References Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic Status and Child Development.

Environmental Concerns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmental Concerns - Research Paper Example The main consequences of global warming will be natural disasters like floods, famines, reduction in agricultural output, glacier melting, emergence of new diseases, extinction of species etc (Sinn, 2007). The consequences of the global warming are universally recognized and hence serious efforts are made by all nations to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases especially CO2.The main participants in these efforts are governments and people. In this essay, the public policy actions regarding global warming, the participants in the policy actions, the evaluation of policy, political concerns etc are critically analyzed. The excessive emission of greenhouse gases due to manmade activities can result in accumulation of heat in the earth’s atmosphere leading to a rise in global temperature. This phenomenon is called global warming (Cline, 1992). Among the greenhouse gases, all except methane are originated from manmade activities like fossil burning or electricity generation. Thus power plants are one of the main contributors of this phenomenon. The other main contributors of greenhouse gas emissions include deforestation, burning of gasoline in the engine of vehicles, use of fertilizers in agriculture, burning of organic matter, buildings that require lot of fuels etc. Due to the serious repercussions of the global warming problem concerning both developed and developing nations, it is widely recognized that an internationally integrated approach is needed to tackle this issue. The Kyoto Protocol based on the treaty on climate change in the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro,1992, c alled on both the developed and developing nations to formulate local initiatives to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in all nations irrespective of the costs involved in these efforts(Hass et al, 1992). Both the governments and people can be the participants in the national and regional programmes in this regard. The historic treaty produced by the United

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toyota Motor Corporation - Essay Example The satisfaction with the existing quality offered has made these organizations try and improve the product quality by way of incorporating various quality management techniques in the production process (James, Rowland-Jones and O’Brien, 2009). As a result, researchers over the years have introduced a wide range of competing perspectives, each different from the other in terms of analytical frameworks and various terminologies. However, the foundation of each theory is the same; establishing a relationship between product quality and pricing strategy of the organization. The five important approaches towards quality management are as follows: Transcendent Approach: According to this view, quality of a product is associated with its innate excellence. It is universally acceptable and an absolute concept that deals with uncompromising standards and high levels of achievement. Nonetheless, proponents of the transcendent view are of the opinion that quality is an un-measurable concept and is better defined as the recognition of the product through experience or repeat usage of the consumers (Slack, Chambers and Johnson, 2004; Arnheiter and Harren, 2006). Product based Approach: The product based definition regards quality as a measurable and precise concept. The differences in quality of a product can be attributed to that in quantity of the ingredients used in its production, thereby resulting in faulty attributes of the output. For example, a high-quality rug or mattress would have a larger number of knots per square inch. Hence, this approach gives a hierarchical or vertical dimension to quality by providing ranks to goods based on their number of favorable attributes. This approach has been incorporated in the theoretical models of economics (Namkung and Jang, 2007). The two corollaries of this approach are; firstly, the higher cost is incurred while attaining higher quality as quality reflects the number of favorable ingredients used in the process of production.

Strategic Plan For Your Organization Statistics Project

Strategic Plan For Your Organization - Statistics Project Example This paper will explore the strategic plan for GetWell, a pharmaceutical company that sells prescription medicine (Cravens & Piercy, 2008). GetWell possesses sufficient information about the target market. The demand for pharmaceutical products is high and keeps increasing every day (Callahan, 2006). The firm will use this information to serve consumers better. The customer base includes medical doctors, trainers, physical therapists and chiropractors. Most customers buy the medications for pain management and relief. The medical industry is under pressure to reduce costs for medical purchases. Insurance companies are exerting pressure on various medical institutions to buy low-priced but quality medicine. The number of people with drug plans is high especially for elderly people who have no medical coverage. The market for prescription medicine is expected to grow by 6% annually. Many pharmacies sell prescription drugs in cities that GetWell operates in but few offer low prices like GetWell. Competitors rarely advertise in print or digital media. The increase in the number of athletes and sports trainers ordering pain management medicine is encouraging (Brukner & Khan, 2008). GetWell aims at increasing its market share by targeting new customers and becoming the market leader for pharmaceutical sales in the region. The firm plans to reduce the market share of competitors by taking most of their walk-in customers and making more deliveries. GetWell plans to achieve financial growth of 15% for every year. GetWell is aiming at providing customers with the best medicine at discounted prices. GetWell aims at increasing the number of repeat customers by 9% in each quarter. The firm aims at increasing customer awareness about the various stores in the two states. GetWell plans to reduce client acquisition costs by 10% every year. Another objective is taking a majority share in supply of medicine to

Instrument of oppression Essay Example for Free

Instrument of oppression Essay To what extent is any state an instrument of oppression. (50 marks) Anarchism holds the primary view that the state oppresses its citizens. They believe that we are all capable of living together peacefully in a society without authority. According to anarchists, the state is oppressive because humans are naturally free and equal but the state takes this away from them and therefore oppresses them. The belief is that true freedom can only be obtained with the abolishment of the state and the rejection of power. Furthermore, the fact that we did not consent to the state (we were simply born into it) then we have no political obligation to obey the laws and uphold their society. Two other main views that the state can be an instrument of oppression are held by Marxists and Liberalists. The Marxist view is that the superstructural features of the state (e.g. legal and political institutions, social consciousness, morality, religion etc.) only serve the interest of the dominant class and reinforce the oppressive power structures. Furthermore, Liberalism states that the role of the state should be limited to protecting the life, liberty and property of the individuals (Locke’s Law of Nature) and this can only be achieved when the state is a neutral umpire in affairs. If the state ever goes beyond this then its power becomes oppressive. The anarchists criticise the state by saying that it is, by its nature, authoritarian, it employs centralised power structures and claims a monopoly on legitimate violence (this means that if anyone else apart from the state were to use violence to, for example, protect themselves then this is classed as illegitimate and they can be punished for this). Anarchism outlines the following reasons as to why the state should be abolished and replaced by social organisations: the state is sovereign and claims complete authority to define the rights and obligations of the citizens, the state is compulsory and all citizens are forced to oblige and the state is a distinct body (which means that its roles and functions are separated from others) and those who make up the government tend to form a distinct class. This forms the most fundamental reason why the state should be abolished with is that the state violates and undermines liberty. One could argue that the state is useful because they provide protection from individuals against  others and co-ordinate productive work. Furthermore, Hobbes puts forward the view that because human nature is naturally egotistic, anarchy would give free reign to exploit each other and that without laws human society would descend into a war of all against all with everyone serving their own interests and not co-operating. However, anarchists argue that for both of these essential functions, we do not need the state. We need some form of collective body or bodies, but these need not claim sovereignty and need no more power than what is required for their specific function. They can be voluntary, with people allowed to join or leave as they choose. There need not be just one body providing these functions as these could be competition between associations and they could be run by everybody together. Overall, the anarchist view is not entirely convincing. They seem to have misunderst ood human nature and think too highly of how humans would behave and co-operate with a governing body to direct them. Marxism holds a similar view of the state as an instrument of oppression but proposes another way around this. It states that the state and its superstructural features only serve the interests of the dominant class and it reinforces oppressive power structures. They believe that liberal and conservative ideological justifications of the state only reflect the dominant class’s interests. Marxists believe that oppression stems from exploitation. They say that the state exploits its subjects in two main ways: it extracts profit from workers by paying them less wages than what their labour is worth and they alienate individuals from the means of production, products of their labour and any sense of community or private ownership. They believe that this stops genuine freedom and therefore the state becomes oppressive. Furthermore, the exercise of political power is against our natural rights. We all have natural right to freedom which the state removes. Nobody can justly subordinate to another’s authority without their consent and since we were either born into the state and therefore did not ask to be involved and do not have to obey the laws or because no state can obtain the consent of all the citizens then its use of power must therefore be illegitimate and oppressive. The solution proposed by Marxists is that of communism. Pure communism states that there will be no state, no money, no private property and no crime. They believe that humans are  malleable and can grow, develop and realise their potential through their relationships with each other. The view is that humans will live co-operatively in a society without the state. However, Marxism seems to have an idealistic view of human nature and misunderstands that people would not work together and live peacefully. Furthermore, history has shown us that communism simply doesn’t work as a leader will always be needed to start a revolution and from then on they will become the state which we would have consented to and therefore would not be oppressive. Overall, the Marxist view makes good points on how the state is oppressive but the alternative of communism would simply bring us around to a state that we have consented to through our support of the revolution and therefore this state would not be oppressive. Liberalism believes that the state should be limited to protecting the life, liberty and property of individuals (Locke’s Law of Nature). They propose that the state should become a neutral umpire which is only there to stop you causing harm to others. Anything beyond this and the state becomes oppressive. The state becomes oppressive when it legislates within the private sphere (e.g. when it becomes concerned with our moral improvement, when it adopts a paternalistic concern for the welfare of the citizens, when it over-regulates the economy or when it outlaws freely chosen economic transactions. They believe that the use of coercion by the state goes beyond what is needed to ensure good order as their laws are excessive and punitive. Furthermore, the way that the state intervenes in the private life of its citizens (by, for example, criminalising private affairs such as drug use) means that it does not act as a neutral umpire and is oppressive because it restricts the individuals freedom to do what they want with their private life. In conclusion, the state is naturally oppressive to the individual’s freedom and the fact that we haven’t consented to it yet still have to follow its laws further restricts this. However, the alternatives to the state would not work (as history has shown us with Marxism, for example). Furthermore, Hobbes seems to have an accurate view on human nature (that we are all self-interested) and therefore, regardless of whether the state is  oppressive, we need it to protect us from harming each other. In this sense, the state is not oppressive because it actually protects our life, liberty and property (even if we haven’t consented to it and do not want to live by its rules it is still there to help us).

One Thousand Dollars

One Thousand Dollars Old Bryson was a calm, anti-social man, about forty years old. Gillian say to Old Bryson Ire just come from a meeting with my late uncle lawyer. He leaves we an even thousand dollars?. After this, Gillian found Miss Lauriere and many of people. I like for one person has Gillian meet is blind man. Gillian found a blind man sat on the side walk selling pencils. Gillian ask him Excuse me, but would you mind telling me what you would do if you had a thousand dollars?. The blind man took a small book from his coat pocket and hold it out. Gillian opened it and saw that if was a bank deposit book. A blind man have one thousand seven hundred eighty-five dollars in his bank account. Finally, Gillson said to my late uncle lawyer I lost the thousand dollars on the races. So funny for this short story. The One Thousand Dollars by O.Henry is the best short story. In short story the main character is Mr Gillian. The theme of One Thousand Dollars we have to understand about how to manage the money. Mr Gillian liability to manage money him uncles after he died so him are required to provide us with a report of how him used this one thousand dollar as soon as him have spent it. Mr Gillian is very honest person, benevolent and him like listen other opinion from him friends for manage him uncles money. One Thousand Dollars Mr Gillian can open our minds how to make this decision because of the decisions we make have to think about the good and bad to us and those who are around us. We also need to trust in managing the money that has been entrusted to us. The moral of the story we have to be smart to manage financial. ELEMENT 2 SETTING: Types of setting minor in the short story One Thousand Dollars is at the club Gillian. There, the main character introduced as a named Mr.Gillian was meet Old Bryson in a reading corner. Secondly, Mr.Gillian went to the stage entrance of the Columbine There was meet his lover is a Miss Lauriere. There Miss Lauriere was preparing for her performance. Thirdly, Mr.Gillian in a cab and speaks with drivers. Then, Mr.Gillian got out of the cab and meet a blind man on the sidewalk that selling pencils. Mr.Gillian be from one place to another place is to asked somebody about the money a thousand dollars. Lastly for unimportant to the plot during the end of short story Mr.Gillian waiting for the elevator. Types of settings major is at offices Tolman and Sharp. There, the lawyer Tolman give the thin package of fifty-dollar bills to Mr. Gillian and required Mr. Gillian for make a report about how to used one thousand dollars. There is also, Mr. Gillian present a report to the lawyer. This is a important part of the short story. The characters is a part of setting is Mr. Gillian. He is a main character for this story because he change over the course of the story. In the short story, Mr. Gillian strive to provide report how to used one thousand dollars with a view to obtaining the fifty thousand dollars. But, his report unsatisfied and caused lost the fifty thousand dollars. ELEMENT 3 ATTEMPT: Attempt is the character takes action to reach his goal. The main character in the short story is Mr. Gullian. He was takes action for provide his report how to use one thousand dollars. He went to meet and asked his friend known as Old Bryson, cab driver, a blind man about what you do with a thousand dollars if they had it. His goal is get more than one thousand dollars. Therefore, he always think the best way use the money one thousand dollars for his report. ELEMENT 4 STYLE: Figurative : Even fifty dollars would have been loss trable Interesting : I have funny story to tell you, said Gillian I thought the late Septimus Gillian was worth something like half a million, said Old Bryson showed very little interest. 3.0 TYPE OF STORY Gillian laid the money beside her hand on the desk. Miss Hayden turned white. Oh! she said. And again, Oh! Gillian half turned and looked out the window. In a low voice he said, I suppose, of course, that you know I love you. I am sorry, said Miss Hayden, as she picked up her money. There is no use? asked Gillian, almost light-heartedly. I am sorry, she said again. May I write a note? asked Gillian, with a smile. Miss Hayden supplied him with paper and pen, and then went back to her writing table. Gillian wrote a report of how he spent the thousand dollars: Paid by Robert Gillian, one thousand dollars on account of the eternal happiness, owed by Heaven to the best and dearest woman on earth. Textually Implicit Text In this story, Young Gillian is a playboy. He clearly wastes money at clubs and on showgirls. Gillian spends the money well gives it to the woman he loves (even though she doesnt love him).He finds out that if he spent the money to the woman he loves. Gillian shows the best side of love here. He knows that Miriam will not love him no matter how rich he is. So he sacrifices his happiness for hers. This text is textually implicit because we have to use the information in the story to make inferences about the characters actions and goal. One thousand dollars, said the lawyer Tolman, in a severe and serious voice. And here is the money. Young Gillian touched the thin package of fifty-dollar bills and laughed. Its such an unusual amount, he explained, kindly, to the lawyer. If it had been ten thousand a man might celebrate with a lot of fireworks. Even fifty dollars would have been less trouble. You heard the reading of your uncles will after he died, continued the lawyer Tolman. I do not know if you paid much attention to its details. I must remind you of one. You are required to provide us with a report of how you used this one thousand dollars as soon as you have spent it. I trust that you will obey the wishes of your late uncle. You may depend on it, said the young man respectfully. Textually Explicit Text In this story, Young Gillian is upset his wealthy uncle left him with $1000 with strings attached. His hope was that his nephew would change his shallow ways. He must spend the $1000 and prove to the lawyers he didnt spend it on something frivolous. He spends the whole day trying to figure out how to do that. This text have the relationship with the goal is stated in the text. Now, Mr. Gillian, Mr. Sharp and I will examine your report of the one thousand dollars. Mr. Tolman reached for the envelope. Gillian was a little quicker in taking it up. He calmly tore the report and its cover into pieces and dropped them into his pocket. Its all right, he said, smilingly. There isnt a bit of need to bother you with this. I dont suppose you would understand these itemized bets, anyway. I lost the thousand dollars on the races. Good-day to you, gentlemen. Tolman and Sharp shook their heads mournfully at each other when Gillian left. They heard him whistling happily in the hallway as he waited for the elevator.Scriptally Implicit Text In the text, the relationship between one thousand dollar, its final observation that one thousand dollar, he spent the money to get love is not made explicit. The conclusion he will double her happiness by a white lie at the end of the story, by telling that he had spent the money gambling. 4.0 LITERARY CRITICSM ELEMENT 1- THE CRITICAL RESPONSE : Young Gillian is characterized as something of a playboy. He clearly wastes money at clubs and on showgirls. His uncle has not liked this about him and has left him $1,000. Gillian doesnt know this, but if he spends it well, he gets $50,000 and if he doesnt he gets nothing more. Gillian spends the money well gives it to the woman he loves (even though she doesnt love him). Then he finds out about the $50,000. He finds out that if he spent the money badly, the $50,000 goes to the woman he loves. When he hears this, he lies and says he wasted the money. Gillian shows the best side of love here. He knows that Miriam will not love him no matter how rich he is. So he sacrifices his happiness for hers. ELEMENT 2 THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: In the literary criticism we have to identify the main character Mr Gillian. Mr Gillian is good person but him dont know how him manage this one thousand dollars in him life. He meet with various partners who have different backgrounds so they give different opinion but him not accept they opinion because their ideas do not same with the requirements. Mr. Gillian began to feel confused as to what he would do. Mr. Gillian feels he can to manage the money properly. But Mr. Gillian not affords to bear the responsibilities given by his uncle. Firstly, went I reading this short story I started thinking about what Mr. Gillian to manage his late uncles money. Then when he started to ask friends so I feel him can choosing which of the opinion will be accept by Mr. Gillian but lastly I feel so angry because Mr. Gillian already using the money in horse racing. 5.0 CONCLUSION A money given was to use the money to get the love for a woman. Although he had to cheat lawyer for money that is used to obtain the happiness of his love. Thus, the lesson from this story is that we should be good at financial planning us toward those things that are beneficial. Let the money is properly planned so that the money available to be spent on worthwhile things. Act of cheating should be avoided. Therefore, we must be wise and clever in managing our own lives.

Medieval Chivalry Essay -- essays research papers fc

Western Civilization Medieval Chivalry and Knighthood During medieval times knighthood was a class culture, cherished and jealousy guarded by the knightly caste. Knight had the honor of defending the king as well as their country. On the bloody fields of battle a code of chivalry evolved that tempered anger and fury with mercy. It created ways of turning the grim business of fighting into something tolerable, perhaps even acceptable. Chivalry was not only looked upon as a code for war; it was looked upon as a setting for stories of love and romance. Chivalry meant a higher social status as well as recognition. Chivalry as we know it denotes the ideals and practices considered suitable to be a noble. Over time chivalry has been used as the primal word to describe the attitude and actions of men towards women. "The word itself is reminiscent of the milieu in which the ideas connected with it took shape-the aristocratic society of mediaeval France dominated by mounted warriors or chevaliers." From as early as the eleventh century several different sets of ideas represented different standards of chivalric behavior. Over the next four hundred years the concepts of Hanuka, 2 The ideal nobleman developed by and for the feudal class under the influence of changing environments, ideas, political views and economies. The concept of being born into a certain class in society was a great part of medieval life. This concept of the class system was based on the land ownership and duties that were owed to other people. The knights were the military supporters of the feudal lords. The knight fought for his lord and if necessary died for him. However, the feudal inheritance was provided only for the eldest son. Younger sons therefore tended to the church or joined groups of knight lacking land. They worked and did their jobs waiting for the opportunity to marry into an estate. There were three methods of becoming a knight. "The most common involved the King or tenant-in-chief conferring the title, known as 'dubbing'. The second method involved religion, the soon to be knight kept a night vigil with his arms on the altar in front of him. He then took a purifying bath, heard Mass and had his spurs put on it. The dubbing then followed with a formal sermon and a sword. The third method involved the readings of a service Benedictio Novi Militis. Hanuka, 3... ...; Works Cited Barber, Richard. The Knight and Chivalry. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970. Boutlon, Jonathan Dacre. The Knights of the Crown. Great Britain: The Boydell Press, 1987. Cabell, James Branch. Chivalry. New York and London: 1909. Davis, William Stearns, Life on a Mediaeval Barony. New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1923. Harper-Bill and Harvey, Christopher and Ruth. Medieval Knighthood IV. Rochester: The Boydell Press, 1992. Lang, Lloyd and Jennifer. Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Morgan, Gwendolyn A. Medieval Ballads. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Painter, Sydney. French Chivalry: Chivalry Ideas and Practices and Mediaeval France. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985. Ramsey, Lee C. Chivalric Romances: Popular Literature in Medieval England. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983. Wood, Charles T. The Age of Chivalry. New York: Universe Books, 1970. Young, Alan. Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments. London: George Phillips, 1987. British Orders and Awards. London: Kaye and Ward, 1968.

Fahrenheit 9/11 :: essays research papers

Fair?enheit 9/11   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a typical Saturday at Florida State University. The Noles has defeated, pretty decisively, UNC and the people were conducting normal activities. However, this Saturday was different in the fact that Academy Award winner Michael Moore was to speak to students at the Ruby Diamond auditorium about the upcoming 2004 presidential election. I had received my ticket from the College Democrats, who had arranged for their group to have block seating. During the event itself, which included an introduction by Andrew Gillium, a local Tallahassee politician, Michael Moore talked about his various complaints about President Bush’s policies and told young voters to vote for the Kerry/Edwards ticket. He also showed some extra clips from his movie Fahrenheit 9/11. This movie, which is a â€Å"documentary†, grossed over 110 million dollars in the U.S (Kopel 2). The budget for the film itself was only 6 million dollars. Michael Moore had won the Oscar for Bowli ng for Columbine the year before for Best Documentary, and so this film was very much anticipated by both sides of the political aisle. To add to this expectation, Moore was an outspoken opponent of the Bush administration and had used his 2003 acceptance speech at the Oscars to blast Bush’s war on Iraq. This film, at least from my perspective, was the result of great passion and zeal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film itself, in the words of many commentators, a â€Å"two hour hate letter to Bush†, and in my opinion it was. This film was coming out on the heels of Mel Gibson’s hit success, The Passion, and the same type of intense controversy was surrounding Fahrenheit 9/11. The movie premiered in June, and according to a friend of mine the opening night was jammed pack in Tallahassee itself, which was showing the film only at the Miracle 5 Theater. All across the nation, Moore’s film was number 1, grossing huge amounts of money. It was expected to generate huge profits all across the globe, for it was a film many who oppose President Bush were waiting to see. I was amazed at how this film was treated as if it were Moses handing down the law, and with all the hype I decided that it was time for me to see it I did not think I would get to see this movie. My beliefs about the war and terrorism could be thought of as Pro-Bush, and I highly distrusted anything Moore had to say after seeing Bowling for Columbine, which I believed contained distortions.

Holes :: essays research papers

Holes is a book about a boy named Stanley Yelnats who is convicted of stealing a famous basketball player’s shoes. His punishment for stealing a basketball player’s shoes is going to detention camp. Stanley believes that this all happened because of an ancient family curse or fate. This is true because both bad luck and fate led to detention camp where he turned his bad luck around once and for all. In the book Holes Stanley Yelnats gets sent to a detention camp because of bad luck. His bad luck was that he was standing under a bridge when a stolen pair of a famous basketball player’s shoes got dropped on his head. He was in the wrong place at the wrong time because of an ancient family curse. The curse put on his family was set because of Stanley’s pig stealing great-great grandfather who disrespected one of the ancestors of Zero, the boy who committed the crime that Stanley was convicted of. Zero, who was also in the camp, told Stanley that his ancestor had told Stanley’s great-great grandfather how to get rid of the family curse but that he never got rid of it. This is the first time that Stanley realized that the curse could be broken. This curse is taken away at the end of the book. Stanley’s fate and bad luck were changed because he did something that his great-great grandfather was supposed to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While at detention camp, Stanley is forced dig a hole at extremely specific regulations. Stanley’s holes get dug but not as fast as he’d like them to. Stanley doesn’t know this but the holes are a big part of his fate. The warden says that they dig these holes because it builds character, but the real reason is hidden. The real reason for the digging of the holes is so that the warden can find a legendary treasure. Stanley’s â€Å"hole digging fate† was all changed when he found out that Kate Barlow had buried treasure there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stanley’s whole family’s luck was horrible all throughout life because of something his pig stealing great-great grandfather did. This would be a nasty fate to have because everything you ever did would turn out badly because of someone else’s actions.

The Limitations of the Freedom of Speech

Does the First Amendment mean anyone can say anything at any time? No. The Supreme Court has rejected an interpretation of speech without limits. Because the First Amendment has such strong language, we begin with the presumption that speech is protected. Over the years, the courts have decided that a few other public interests — for example, national security, justice or personal safety — override freedom of speech. There are no simple rules for determining when speech should be limited, but there are some general tests that help.Clear and Present Danger Will this act of speech create a dangerous situation? The First Amendment does not protect statements that are uttered to provoke violence or incite illegal action. Justice Holmes, speaking for the unanimous Supreme Court, stated, â€Å"The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the subs tantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. Fighting Words Was something said face-to-face that would incite immediate violence? In  Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, the Supreme Court stated that the â€Å"English language has a number of words and expressions which by general consent [are] ‘fighting words’ when said without a disarming smile. †¦ Such words, as ordinary men know, are likely to cause a fight. The court determined that the New Hampshire statute in question â€Å"did no more than prohibit the face-to-face words plainly likely to cause a breach of the peace by the addressee, words whose speaking constitute a breach of the peace by the speaker — including ‘classical fighting words,’ words in current use less ‘classical’ but equally likely to cause violence, and other disorderly words, including profanity, obscenity and threats. † Jurisdictions may write statutes to punish verbal acts if the statutes are â⠂¬Å"carefully drawn so as not unduly to impair liberty of expression. Also see  What is the Fighting Words Doctrine? Libel and Slander Was the statement false, or put in a context that makes true statements misleading? You do not have a constitutional right to tell lies that damage or defame the reputation of a person or organization. Obscenity In June 1973 in  Miller v. California, the Supreme Court held in a 5-to-4 decision that obscene materials do not enjoy First Amendment protection. In  Miller v. California  (1973), the court refined the definition of â€Å"obscenity† established in  Roth v.United States  (1957). It also rejected the â€Å"utterly without redeeming social value† test of  Memoirs v. Massachusetts. In the three-part Miller test, three questions must receive affirmative responses for material to be considered â€Å"obscene†: 1. Would the average person, applying the contemporary community standards, viewing the work as a whole, find the work appeals to the prurient interest? 2. Does the work depict or describe sexual conduct in a patently offensive way? 3.Does the work taken as a whole lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value? One must distinguish â€Å"obscene† material, speech not protected by the First Amendment, from â€Å"indecent† material, speech protected for adults but not for children. The Supreme Court also ruled that â€Å"higher standards† may be established to protect minors from exposure to indecent material over the airwaves. In  FCC v. Pacifica Foundation  Ã‚  the court â€Å"recognized an interest in protecting minors from exposure to vulgar and offensive spoken language. Conflict with Other Legitimate Social or Governmental Interests Does the speech conflict with other compelling interests? For example, in times of war, there may be reasons to restrict First Amendment rights because of conflicts with national security. To ensure a fair tri al without disclosure of prejudicial information before or during a trial, a judge may place a â€Å"gag† order on participants in the trial, including attorneys. Placing prior restraint upon the media usually is unconstitutional. In  Nebraska Press Association v.Stuart  (1976),  the Supreme Court established three criteria that must be met before a judge can issue a gag order and restrain the media during a trial. Time, Place, and Manner These regulations of expression are content-neutral. A question to ask: Did the expression occur at a time or place, or did the speaker use a method of communicating, that interferes with a legitimate government interest? For example, distribution of information should not impede the flow of traffic or create excessive noise levels at certain times and in certain places.

Changes in Technology Essay

The many changes in technology over the years greatly impacted the development of early human societies. Agriculture, religion, and competition between groups are just a few of the many things that were greatly impacted by the changes in technology. New inventions and ways of thinking of things made a huge difference in the world. There have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies. There were many changes during and after the classical age when it comes to agriculture. The invention of crop rotation and irrigation helped a lot in agriculture. They made farming much quicker and easier. Jethro Tull’s inventions of the seed drill and horseshoe also helped speed up the farming process. The seed drill made planting easier by planting seeds deep in the ground so they aren’t washed away. Horseshoes allowed horses to plow much quicker than before, which increased productivity. The increase of farming also made life a lot easier by allowing for less nomadic living due to the crops being so close to home. These inventions, as well as having more food from farming, are the reason for agriculture being as technologically advanced as it is today. Like agriculture, religion was also hugely impacted. Religion has always been very important in human societies. In the early years, religions such as Christianity and Buddhism introduced the idea of mutual intolerance. Mutual intolerance was the acceptance of disagreeing with another religion. Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity are just a few examples of the religions in this time. Things such as improvements in tools and weapons changed competition between groups. As time went on, there were more and more developments when it came to agriculture, engineering, and tools. The tools becoming more advanced led to the ideas of better weapons. Because weapons and tools kept improving, they began to be used to obtain power more regularly. In turn, groups like the Aztecs, Toltec, Mayans, and Oaxaca began fighting with these weapons in competition between groups. These examples of change in agriculture, religion, and competition between groups show that technology greatly impacted the development of early human societies. Whether it was because of inventions or different perspectives on things, these societies were obviously greatly impacted. With this information, it is clear that there have been many changes in technology through out the years and in the development of early human societies.

Core Competencies

1. Define the following: Cash Cow- a business or product which generates a sturdy, dependable flow of cash. Dog- a product with low market share in a slow growing market and thus neither generates more consumes large amounts of cash. Star- products that are in high growth markets with a relatively high share of that market. They tend to generate high amounts of income. Question Mark- growing rapidly and thus consumes large amounts of cash but because they have low markets shares they do not generate much cash 2. What are core competences? Core competences are critical capabilities to a business achieving competitive advantage.The starting point for analysing core competences is recognising that competition between businesses is as much a race for competence mastery as it is for market position and market power. Senior management cannot focus on all activities of a business and the competencies required to undertake them. So the goal is for management to focus attention on competencie s that really affect competitive advantage. 4 Potential sources of core competences * Distribution * Marketing * Management * Manufacturing 4 criteria used to evaluate core competences * Valuable * Rare * Costly to imitate * Non substitutable 3.What should an audit of resources include? The resources available to a business whether it be owned or obtained through partnerships, joint ventures or simply suppliers arrangement with other businesses. The assessment of the strength and weakness of an organisation in conjunction with an assessment of opportunities and threats. It should have the key success factors for the markets and industries in question and the comparable strengths and weaknesses of competitors for the same customers. 4. What are the strategic options for competing in a Mature Industry? * Prune marginal products and models * Emphasize innovation in the value chain Strong focus on cost reduction * Increase sales to present customers * Purchase rivals at bargain prices * Expand internationally * Build new, more flexible competitive capabilities 5. Define the Value System The Value System is the set of interdependent situations within a business which both directly or indirectly adds value to the customer and ultimately generates a net cash inflow. This also provides a key link between competitive strategy and shareholder value. Even though the value system bears some resemblance to Porter’s value chain, the latter is perhaps less flexible and less easily tailored to the variety of the modern business.

Noun Phrase Premodification by Participles

University of Banja Luka Banja Luka Faculty of Philology January 2013 English Language and Literature Seminar paper Topic: Noun phrase premodification by participles Student: Mentor: Jelena Galic Dejan Milinovic Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Participles in premodification 2. 1. ed participle 2. 2. –ing participle 2. 3. The difference 3. Possible translations into Serbian 4. Conclusion 5. References 1. Introduction This paper will briefly explain participles on the morphological level and give examples for both of them (-ed and -ing participles). Then it will show how and when they can be used in different semantic and grammatical structures. During the explanation of their use in a sentence, it will also mention the differences between them, by what they are different and also the exceptions when they can be almost synonymous.Of course, the translation of these structures, which are not common in most Slavic languages including Serbian, will also have to be explained. Sometimes it can be a word for word translation, but in most cases an additional effort is needed to translate the given structures. One of the aims of this paper is to introduce the morphosyntax learners to the possibility of using participles in noun phrase premodification. This is a rarely used syntactic possibility by non-native English speakers. Also, one of the aims is to show them how participles can be correctly interpreted and translated into Serbian.And last but not least, we have to learn about noun phrase in general and especially about its constituents because it is the most complex and important phrase in the English language. 2. Participles in premodification Participles in general are words formed out of verbs and functioning almost exactly like adjectives. There are two types of participles that we are concerned with: the present participle (which ends with –ing and is used to create the present progressive tense and the past progressive tense) and the past participle (which ends with –ed and is used to create passive).Of course, there are irregular verbs (such as go – gone, do – done, etc. ) which do not conform to these suffix rules, but the rules of using use are the same. 2. 1. –ed participle The past participle or –ed participle is often used in premodification and postmodification. It can be active and passive, but passive is far more used. For example: The passenger who has departed ? The departed passenger This first sentence cannot be transformed into the second one. Of course, there are exceptions. Some of them are: The vanished treasure A retired teacher Increased pricesHowever, if we insert an adverb, we can make a grammatically acceptable phrase: The recently-departed passenger A newly-born baby The latter example is also an example of statal passive or the passive of state (as opposed to the actional passive) which cannot stand without a modifying adverb unless it denotes a permanent fea ture of the noun, for example: A born musician A married man We also have participles that cannot be used with every noun. For example, we cannot say: He was a surprised person However, the following sentence is perfectly acceptable: He had a very surprised expressionIn the first case, we cannot attribute â€Å"shocked† permanently to a person since it is hardly permanent, but with nouns such as â€Å"expression† or â€Å"look† we certainly can. An important thing to remember is that not all premodifiers ending with –ed are participles. Some are denominal words, i. e. they originate from nouns and not verbs at all, for example: A wooded hillside A flowered yard But some of these cannot stand alone and need a modifier: A green-haired monster A one-legged puppet On the other hand, we also have borderline examples: A trained dog / A well-trained dogHere we can ask ourselves if the former phrase is semantically correct, since there is no concrete answer in li nguistics. 2. 2. –ing participle Similar to –ed participle, the –ing participle can also be used in premodification and postmodification. However, -ing participle tends not to show permanence as opposed to –ed participle. When it comes to –ing participle, we also have difference concerning the use of definite and indefinite articles. While the indefinite article is usually connected to permanency, the definite article is connected to temporariness. Thus we may find this sentence a little bit awkward and the one after just ine: The approaching train is from Liverpool He was frightened by an approaching train. We can also use the definite article for some kind of generalization: The beginning student should not be encouraged that much. The participle here, although we have the definite article before it, shows us that this statement applies to every student who is a beginner in that particular field, not that it is about a certain student. The defini te article can be intensified using the –ing participle after it, for example: A proposal offending many members = the offending proposal This intensifies both the noun and the adjective/participle. . 3. The difference Now, if we want to differentiate –ed and –ing participles, we can easily do that through these examples: I am very bored in class ? I am very boring in class The former sentence means that I find the class boring and the latter one means that I am boring, i. e. that I make people in class bored. In other words, -ed denotes a condition or a feeling and -ing denotes action or a characteristic of a person or thing. The best way to show the difference is to use both participles/adjectives in the same sentence: I am annoyed by how annoying that person is. She was confused by the confusing instruction.Of course, it is unlikely that we will hear these kinds of sentences since these adjectives seem redundant in the same sentence, but they are good example s for this matter. Also, there are cases where participles in premodification show that the characteristic given to the noun is permanent or attached only to the time of speaking: We caught the falling tiles. The fallen tiles remained intact. In this case, the –ing participle shows simultaneity of the verb and the feature. However, in the second sentence it shows that the action has already finished when the noun gained the feature.When it comes to differences, it is very important to remember that not all participle-like words are actually participles. At the beginning of this chapter it is stated that participles function almost exactly as adjectives. That is true but only to a certain extent. According to Laczko, there is no unique set of rules for analyzing participle-like premodifiers in a noun phrase: there has to be one for true –ing and –ed participles and the other one for participles converted into adjectives. 3. Possible translations into Serbian Tran slating is one of the skills that are pretty hard to master.Not everyone is a born translator. However, some things follow a pattern while being translated. Premodification in noun phrase is one of those things. Since Serbian does not have a strict word order and Serbian noun phrases differ from the English ones, we mostly have to seek for another way of translating sentences. To make it easier, as it is already mentioned, sample sentences will be used. There are phrases structured as the following ones: The vanished treasure = Blago koje je nestalo/Nestalo blago Increased prices = Cijene koje su u porastuA retired teacher = Penziosani ucitelj/Ucitelj koji se penzionisao As we can see, in almost every case we can translate –ed participle with a relative clause in Serbian that starts with â€Å"koji/koje/koja†. Then, we have phrases we can translate word for word: A born musician = Rodeni muzicar A married man = Ozenjeni covjek There is a similarity between English and Serbian in the following two sentences: He was a surprised person = Bio je iznenadena osoba He had a very surprised expression = Imao je veoma iznenaden izraz lica In both of these languages, there is something off with the first sentence, whereas the second one sounds natural.However, there are many phrases where our only option is descriptive translation. A green-haired monster = Cudoviste sa zelenom kosom A one-legged puppet = Lutak s jednom nogom The translation of –ing premodified noun phrases is somewhat similar to the translation of the –ed premodified noun phrases. But there are cases where a sentence in Serbian sounds natural although its English equivalent sounds wrong. The approaching train is from Liverpool = Voz koji se pribizava je iz Liverpula However, we also have phrases that are three words long in English and one in Serbian:The beginning student should not be encouraged that much. = Pocetnik ne treba toliko da se ohrabruje All this shows that a lot o f factors influence the translation. We have to pay attention to words as well to semantics, syntax, etc. Nothing is to be neglected. Conclusion Through the examples that are presented in this paper, the basics of the use of participles in noun phrase premodification should be explained. Although the area of participles themselves, that is, of their use, was tapped into, it is essential to know the basic difference between the present and the past participle.Without knowing that, there is no way to correctly construct a noun phrase. The other thing emphasized here is the translation of the premodifiers. It is essential to know how to draw parallels between two languages for all English as Second Language learners. Also, it is important for us to practice transferring our â€Å"sense for language† from our mother tongue to English. References 1. Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1973 2. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Gramma r of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985 3. Tibor Laczko.Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. Hong Kong: CSLI Publications, 2001 ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985) [ 3 ]. ibid [ 4 ]. ibid [ 5 ]. Quirk and S. Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English. (London: Longman, 1973) [ 6 ]. Quirk, Greenbaum and Others. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (London: Longman, 1985) [ 7 ]. Tibor Laczko. Another look at participles and adjectives in the English DP. (Hong Kong: CSLI Publications, 2001)

Ethics in Busniess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics in Busniess - Essay Example For example, in U.S it is necessary for business accountants to implement given rules when conducting their businesses. The American system refers to these rules as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) when they are involved in reporting the business financials. Therefore, every public company in U.S should follow the set accounting principles and report so that they can accurately release their financial information (Needles & Powers, 2011). Ethical Numerous fraud cases in the contemporary society constitute the moral and legal issues in accounting and financial reporting of businesses. The concerns include changes in the manner that fraudsters execute their operations. Consequently, most systems, which support financial reporting, are vulnerable to fraudulent activities. Therefore, it is necessary that the current accounting reporting adapt measures that would reduce immoral practices. Professionals usually create accounting rules because there are several emerging e thical issues in accounting. A need arises for accountants to follow all the ethical rules to minimize abuse on the profession (Albrecht, 2011). In addition, the issue of creative accounting is a concern to the ethical issues in accounting. This is because some accountants use their knowledge to create false crisis in the present world. These crises cause several damages, for example, misleading economic depiction. Consequently, ethical rules demand that businesses communicate about their respective financial positions. This will eliminate unreliable reports through annual accounting reports (Needles & Powers, 2011). The preparation of true reports is also a concern since some current accountants are immoral. They prepare false reports to the relevant people to benefit. For example, they account for money that was not even spent in their respective firms. Indeed, this allows them to keep the extra funds because no one came tell unless they are as professional as they are (Albrecht, 2011). Legal Presently, there are numerous legal requirements in accounting and financial reporting. This is because of the universal needs to protect both internal and external investors. In addition, several countries ensure that the legislation of their respective countries is against faulty accounting systems. There are also mandatory laws for all current accountants, which ensure that there are minimal illegal practices. For example, the creation of commissions enables accountants to counter legal issues in accounting (Albrecht, 2011). Other legal issues in the existing society include the emergence of audit firms. These audit firms visit organizations and in turn inspect their accounting books. This is a new phenomenon in accounting. Consequently, it forces organizations to be honest. This is because the audit firms take strict legal actions against firms whose accounting books display financial illegalities. For example, firms that fail to account funds have to be in court an d face respective fines. Finally, current legal concerns in accounting include the establishment of punishments that discourage people from committing accounting frauds (Needles & Powers, 2011). Technological concerns of accounting and financial reporting of business In the accounting and financial reporting of businesses, the accounting professionals are vital because they play a significant role within every successful business. The professional accountants

What is Wikileaks, what was the government doing that leaked, what did Essay

What is Wikileaks, what was the government doing that leaked, what did they try to hide military. Is this managed news or not - Essay Example The website leaked government’s secretive communications regarding their operations. Governments were engaged in ill communications like recommending unjust actions to tame the rebellious groups. Particularly, the governments were playing a tricky game with the public by adopting concealed plans that appeared just to escape public pressures tactically. This website hence leaked the concealed legitimacy about such plans. Indeed, leaks from the website presented the real motive behind the governments’ operations. The government did not provide the military with the truth behind their directions. Particularly, the government could not disclose information that they considered sensitive. Such information was to remain a reserve of few trusted officers in the administration. The military in the ground could only obtain virtual information considered to have minimal influence on the government’s procedures. The rationale behind the wiki-leaks has faced strong challenges. Most people argue that wiki-leaks are mainly managed news. This is a rational claim since with world’s politics; managing news is a probable practice. However, wiki-leaks are not necessarily managed news since they information unveiled by the source is somewhat credible. Indeed, the information from the source emerges as a real â€Å"leakage†. Therefore, wiki-leaks information makes considerable sense hence should not be dismissed as

The 5 events that most contributed to the outbreak of the civil war in Essay

The 5 events that most contributed to the outbreak of the civil war in 1861 - Essay Example There are myriad reasons behind the secession and breaking out of the historic â€Å"Civil War† but this has been systematically culminated and mentioned in the book, â€Å"The American Journey† by David Goldfield, Carl. E. Abbot, Virginia Dijon Anderson, Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Peter .H. Argersinger, William Barney and Robert Weir. The five most important reasons behind the break out of civil war that are considered in the book include the end of the Mexican War in 1848, Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, release of Uncle Tom’s cabin, the shock of the Northerner’s at the sight of bleeding Kansas and the attack of the Charles Summer by Preston on the floor of the Senate. All these factors agitated the movement very systematically and chronologically that led to the outbreak of the great Civil War in America. The Mexican War ended in the year of 1848 and consequently America was declared as the ceded region and it paved the way for the initiation of another problem. The new concern was regarding the admission of the states as states and determination of their status as Free States or Slave States. To conclude such dilemma Congress came out with an amicable solution and passed the treaty of â€Å"Compromise of 1850†. Thus, it was decided that California would be made free and the states were allowed to pick up freely between Utah and New Mexico. At an actual plane, this decision to choose freely between the regime of the Free State and the Slave State. This decision to allow the states to choose freely provided a base for the heated up discontentment amid the myriad factions of the society in these states itself and founded the base for the agitation. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was declared as a consequence to the Act of Compromise of 1848. This Act was forcibly enacted on any federal official who were unable to get hold of a runaway slave and were forcibly entitled to pay fine.

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report ( Trade to Flobal Security ) - Essay Example This is to establish that economic growth and human development are inseparable from rule of good governance and law (UNDP Human Development Report, 1996). It is against this background that the ECOWAS Commission has a keen interest in the political situation in member States. As the President of the ECOWAS Commission, I was mandated by the Commission to lead a mediation team to the Republic of Cote d’Ivoire for talks for a possible step-down by the incumbent president, Laurent Gbagbo following his lost in the November 28, 2010 General Elections held in that country. This reason presents details of the said mediation effort; outlining the program structure adopted, key aims and objectives of the program, successes as well as challenges faced. Means and Schedule adopted for the Mediation Effort As this is the very first step taken by the ECOWAS Commission towards the looming political crisis in the Ivory Coast, the team resolved to use â€Å"tactical diplomacy with a carrot-an d-stick dimension, though† (Kabs-Kanu, 2010) nothing else than Peace Talks. This approach is backed by other global bodies such as The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) who has so far said that it is still too early to apply any military force (Graphic Ghana, 2011). For this reason, the mediation team planned four major meeting which were held in the Ivory Coast. Two meetings each were held on each side of the agitators: that Mr. Lauran Gbagbo and Mr. Alassane Ouattara. On each side, the team meet the main leaders who are Mr. Gbagbo and Ouattara and leaders of their forces. It was a four-day schedule to allow for comprehensive discussions with each group met. The meetings which started two days after the ECOWAS Summit in Abuja was led by the President of the ECOWAS Commission and five other members of the Commission who the Heads of State of Gambia, Liberia, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Ghana. The meetings, which were held behind closed doors and amidst tight security saw all four groups welcome us warmly and presenting their cases in passionate manners. Key aims and objectives involved in the peace mission The Mediation Team set out with one primary aim, which was to convince Mr. Gbagbo to humbly step-down following that â€Å"ECOWAS, the African Union and the United Nations all recognize results showing Ouattara as the winner of that election† (Voice of America, 2011). To achieve this broad aim, the following objectives were set to lead to the eventual achievement of the aim: 1. Listen to the story from both sides: Talking caution from analysts who â€Å"say the West African nation is on the verge of crisis after both candidates claimed victory and were installed in separate events† (VOA News, 2010), the Commission would continue to be very professional in its mediation effort to ensure that tempers are boiled. To ensure this, the team resolved to give both parties a fair hearing to show that the Commission is not biased though it holds i ts stand that Mr. Gbagbo lost the election. 2. Explain to both sides the need for peace: Central on the team’s discussions was the need for the two leaders and their followers to appreciate the fact that they cannot compromise the peace of the Coat d’Ivoire since peace is needed to for national development. 3. State the stand of the ECOWAS Commission to both sides: As mentioned earlier, the team was clear with the

Rights of accused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Rights of accused - Essay Example Due process refers to the legal principles that the state should respect the rights of all the individuals. It is used in the law to ensure the right of a free trial, and that the court has to listen to both the parties and their evidences before making a decision. The government cannot harm the accused until the exact course of law doesn’t allow them to. The concept of due process has been written in the US constitution but it was originated before it was drafted in the constitution. The concept is older than the English Common Law (Ramen, 2001). It developed from the Magna Carta in England. In the early times, in some of the ancient private court, there was an appearance made at an unrecorded time. It was unofficially recognized by the councils that the accused person also needs some protection against the ruling authority to ensure his rights, life and possessions are protected. This was the time when rough justice was a normal thing, but there still were some leaders who w ould understand the basic rights. There are many aspects that are covered under the concept of due process. The primary role of the due process is to ensure that the government does not take any action against an individual which could result in loss to life, property or liberty. They must provide the individual with a notice and give them the opportunity to be heard. As these legal requirements were tied up by law, any government officer violating the due process will be charged. Before the final verdict is given by the court, the government must make sure the individual is given fair, impartial measures to challenge the state action. Since all criminal cases are against the state, the state offers lawyers to the criminals who can speak their case (Siegel, 2011). The government, at times, abuses the accused individuals and their property, for example by eminent domain for a public purpose without giving the fair value of land. Such