Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology Essay

Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology Essay As a member of a minority group this subject is something of interest and has personal relevance to my experiences living in a pre-dominantly white society. The absence of appropriate Asian role models in the media such as television, films, history, newspapers and in positions of credible political and economic influence, stimulated a natural process of personal questioning of identify. The social labels which surround us either positive or negative shape our perceptions of self and influence the kind of decisions we make. If we dont understand the social fabrics of society in which self is developed and do not nurture a genuine inquiry into how oppression functions, we end up living those social labels. Some of these can be harmful and cause us to become disadvantaged even to the point of oppression of ourselves. It could be argued that this is an unlikely phenomena but psychological oppression is a well-researched and uncontested concept amongst academics. I am simply referring to and naming what it really is, internalised self-oppression. This paper will attempt to examine the discourses and ideas which shape and influence our understanding of oppression as well as establishing a link between this and social labelling. Oppression as a concept has a very broad meaning and relates to different forms of minority groups in different ways. In this paper I will explore the relationship of oppression drawing on various forms of resources and information to support a particular perceptive. It should be recognised that oppression is not exclusive to race but impacts on other groups such as women, disability, age, sexual orientation and class with varying degrees of intensity and differences. However, for the purposes of this assignment I will specifically focus on the concept of race. I will present the four key criterias of oppression presented by Ann Cudd in her book Analysing Oppression (Cudd, 2006) and then focus on the effects of social labelling as phenomena. I will present a view that in order to understand oppression w e must also understand the social systems, structures and influences that facilitates internalised oppression. My conclusion will aim to provide some suggestions towards highlighting how to end oppression and limit or reduce its effect on individuals who are exposed to the dynamics of oppression. Defining layers of oppression History literature books document oppression in different ways from religious repression, class differences, poverty and wealth, language and knowledge just to name a few (Kernohan 1998). Oppression is traditionally understood to relate to the loss of freedom, free choice, independence and capabilities due to actions of those in positions of power (Wartenberg 1992). Half a century ago, if asked the question what is oppression, many would refer to slavery or colonialism. In this day and age there is a greater understanding and awareness of oppression. Iris Young a respected author on the subject of power and oppression highlights how oppression has a much broader understanding making reference to systematic and structural phenomena that are not necessary the result of the intentions of a tyrant. Oppression in the structural sense is part of the basic fabric of a society, not a function of a few peoples choice or policies(Young, 1992, p. 176). In this respect oppression can be consider ed to be in the psychological and behavioural patterns of every member of society including those who are well meaning individuals whether they are aware of it or not. Oppression as we once thought of is far more subtle, as Jean Harvey explains civilised oppression involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. Yet these subtle forms are by far the most prevalent in Western industrialised societies (Harvey, 1999, P. 1). Recognising different forms of oppression means decoding cultural and societal norms which do not clearly categorise or has a clear distinct oppressor. We all contribute to oppression in different ways and perpetuate forms of harm consciously or unconsciously, either to ourselves or to others (Harvey, 1999). Ann Cudd helps us to explain this further by outlining four key criterias which are necessary and appropriate in increasing our understanding of oppression: Oppression must involve some sort of physical or psychological harm, though it may not be recognised as harm by the ones who are oppressed (Cudd, 1994, p.25). So harm can be imposed without being self-conscious limiting ones freedom of choice relative to other in ones society (Cudd, 1994, p.25). Oppression is a kind of harm that individual members of group suffer by virtue of their membership in that group. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦harm that comes to persons because they belong to a group that they closely identify with, so that the harm attaches to their very self-image (ibid). Individuals are not oppressed as individuals but due to their membership to a specific group, such as race, gender, disability or sexual orientation. Keith Vaz MP might not be considered as being oppressed although black men in society are. He has the same limitations as other black men who have less power in society and will have obstacles to cross that other white men take for privilege. The third criteria, is what Cudd refers to as the privilege group (Cudd, 1998). She makes the point that an individual who has membership to a group which benefits from the oppression is advantaged by their association and status. However, not every individual member of the group will be intentionally or knowingly benefiting but they gain from the membership to that group. Oppression must involve some kind of coercion or force ((Cudd, 1994). Coercion is the lack of ability to make free choice. Cudd goes on to explain that coercion is not the absence of all choice, but a lack of the right kind of choices, namely, voluntary choices (Cudd, 1994, p. 27). Cudd suggests that this is what explains injustices of oppression. A further dimension My concept of oppression will focus on Ann Cudds coercion criteria with some variation. Not all coercion might be considered immoral as an explanation towards injustices of oppression. There are other forms of oppression, more subtle kinds which equally are not coercive such as psychological oppression. Prilleltensky and Nelson make reference to Sandra Bartky who states To be psychologically oppressed is to be weighed down in your mind; it is to have a harsh dominion exercised over your self-esteem. The psychologically oppressed become their own oppressors; they come to exercise harsh dominion over their own self-esteem. Differently put, psychological oppression can be regarded as the internalisation of intimations of inferiority ((Isaac Prilleltensky, 2002, p. 13). In this respect there is no force or coercion; individuals will have the ability to make free choice in making decisions, so the lack of voluntary choice is not affected. Individuals who are psychologically oppressed become their own persecutors. The options are available to them but they are only likely to make decisions and choices which their culture or community demands of them. There are other forms of elements of oppression at work which are dynamic, fluent and interact, as oppression doesnt occur in isolation but many forces come together in order to hold people in a state of oppression (Frye 2005). Oppression is well documented throughout history and in literature. Particular references are made to slavery of the treatment of African slaves, the holocaust and the suffering and torture of European Jews. The systematic discrimination against sexual minorities including gay and lesbians ((Cudd, 2006). The disproportionate use of stop and search against black minorities being seven times more likely to be stopped by the police compared whites ((Muffler, 2006). The above examples make reference to the way in which physical ill-treatment is used to subjugate particular groups of people. However, the most efficient and effective way a society can propagate oppression is by a system of non-physical means transforming into a process of what we call negative labelling or commonly referred to as stereotyping. There are many studies undertaken which highlight the effects of stereotyping on particular groups. This includes how these groups of individuals self-categorise themselves into positive or negative stereotyping which either way leads to negative and damaging effects. Michael Hogg refers to a study undertaken by Jost and Elsbach suggesting the link between stereotyping and power differentials as a negative force within social relations which results in distortion, control and false awareness of the oppressed groups reality ((Hogg, 2002). The element of control is imbedded into the consciousness of the individuals being stereotyped. Altshuller refers to the following quote by Jost and Banaji those with power can control ideas, beliefs, and stereotypes in the same way they control other social and material resources and can thereby instil a false consciousness in the powerless such that the powerless become complicit in their own disadvantage ((Altshuller, 1999, p. 325). The weak becom e accepting of their position of being oppressed and psychologically become their own oppressors by self-limiting their opportunities and life chances. Cudd makes the following point, it is not that they (the psychologically oppressed) will prefer oppression to justice, or subordination to equality, rather they will prefer the kinds of social roles that tend to subordinate them, make them less able to choose, or give them fewer choices to make (Cudd, 2008, p. 114). There has been varying degrees of research analysing the relationship between oppression and stereotyping which support findings that individuals who are negatively stereotyped adopt the stereotyping. This in turn sets into motion self-defeating beliefs which develops into limiting factors in accessing life opportunities. In a study conducted by Devos and Banaji they refer to how stereotyping leads to a type of phenomenon that results in self-stereotyping ((Banaji, et el, 2005). However, stereotyping distorts the reality of the lived experiences of individuals who are being stereotyped. Sayers suggests that the media influences our perceptions and that these perceptions then influence our behaviour towards stereotyped groups (Sayre, 2009, p. 318). So for example if we see a rebellious young teenage black adolescent, we may perceive him/her as having a violent culture in comparison to a white civilised European culture. Instead of challenging institutional oppression we use blame to shift the focus of responsibility (Cudd, 2006). Stereotyping can be damaging in other ways. According to the theory of stereotype threat ((Laurie A. Rudman, 2008) the existence of such stereotypes means that anything one does or any of the ones features that conform to it make the stereotype more plausible as a self-characterisation in the eyes of others, and perhaps even in ones own eyes (Steele and Aronson, 1995, p. 797). A further dimension to stereotyping is direct situational threat that arises through negative stereotyping. This relates to the risk of being treated or judged in a stereotypical way or even perhaps self-fulfilling the stereotype. Immediate situational threat is another result of the negative stereotypes against a group. That is the threat of the possibility of being judged or treated stereotypically, or even self-fulfilling the stereotype. This stereotype threat, according to Stangor, Can befall anyone with a group identity about which some negative stereotype exists, and for the person to be threatened in this way he need not even believe the stereotype. He need only know that it stands as a hypothesis about him in situations where the stereotype is relevant(Stangor, 2000, p. 370). There are many studies carried out exploring the relationship between stereotype threat and poor intellectual tests (Weiten, 2012). Different people will react differently to situational threat. Individuals will either blame themselves for their lack of achievements or internalise inferiority, both of which leads to lowering their rank and status in society (Aronson, 1995). Internalising the blame leads to individuals not feeling they have the ability or confidence to succeed, therefore they are likely not even to make any attempt. So for example, I have always wanted to paraglide. It might not be in my capabilities, so have never tried and never will. However, it will not affect my life opportunities, impact on my quality of life or leave me in an oppressed social status. Nevertheless, self-blame could cause to decrease and lower quality of life. If self-blame is used for our lack of success on our incapacities, it would make it problematic to identify and challenge institutional op pression. Self-blame is the final ingredient in maintaining oppression. Realigning the balance In order to redress the balance, there are different ways to overcome oppression in culture and attain a more egalitarian society. This requires personal commitment in challenging oppressive structure. It requires re-structuring of established institutions and the thought processes that influences them. It is helpful to remember that simply making policies to encourage change does not help, although policies give some direction reflecting where society is going, it does not simply promote social justice and reduce oppression (OConnor, 2003, p. 20). It is not a far-fetched view, that stereotyping is used to justify all kinds of harms on groups of individuals. Harm causes damage to ones ability. Therefore any harm that violates ones self and their development of human ability is a violation of universal and human rights (Nussbaum, 2001). The impact and effect of negative labelling attacks and destroys his/her sense of self image by violating their experiences. This violation occurs not only physically but through years of training and being subject to negative messages, instilling a false consciousness and it is this which results in oppression. All human beings have a right to live free of physical and emotional violations which results in any form of harm. Each individual has the right to dignity, self-worth, and to maximise their internal potential without the fear of abuse. Through self-stereotyping, if we lack the confidence that we do not have abilities then we are less likely to pursue and develop our capabilities. However, simply having basic human rights is not sufficient to bypass the harm which oppression causes. Challenging cultural dynamics, religious practices and social norms which create the kinds of conditions for oppression to flourish should be confronted through education and providing information enabling individuals to make decisions and choices that do not violate their sense of self. Developing influential role models that advocate and develop a collective identify regardless of their individuality can assist in developing images of credible and honourable representatives. Such individuals would help to counter the negative portrayal of groups which are likely to be exposed to some form of negative labelling. Conclusion The path to ending all forms of oppression is by far not an easy journey. More often than not minority leaders rarely challenge the structures or the system but instead they adapt to increase their own access to power. It is not uncommon that many minority leaders holding positions of influence create an impression of equality of opportunity which is reassuring to the privilege groups. However, this kind of representation could be damaging to the oppressed groups, as it distorts the reality of the oppressed, ignoring the very real problem with cultural oppression. This has the risk of overlooking the conditions and social problems which keeps people in their underprivileged positions. Rather than focusing on readdressing the system, oppressed groups are ridiculed, blamed and stereotyped for their circumstances (Segal, 2009). To overcome the impact of self-stereotyping, simply ending social stereotype is not enough. More needs to be done to increase individuals ability and self-worth, so that every member of society can enjoy their true human rights. Social conditioning starts at a very early age, which defines our identity and the realisation of our ability or the lack of it. If we focus on countering the destructive stereotypes in our communities, then drawing our attention at children when they are young might be a start. This would include improving the quality of education and funding for the schools, but also ensure that funding is distributed equally to avoid creating a culture of differential treatment. Education of adults is another element which would assist in reducing oppression. What is needed here is effective training that not only focuses on the future members of society but also on those individuals who are affected by oppression and stereotype threat currently. In this exists the challenge and the goal at reversing the stereotypes and reconstructing individual capabilities. Re-establishing and re-developing the undermined capabilities is our primary task here. Education which raises the awareness and empower oppressed groups should benefit from public support. There is no doubt that education itself is not just simply a cure to a complex range of dynamics such as oppression but it remains the most firmly established institution towards seeking restoration. An educational method originating and centred from the experiences of the oppressed is what is needed. In his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire gives the following quote: Just as the oppressor, in order to op press, needs a theory of oppressive action, so the oppressed, in order to become free, also need a theory of action. The oppressor elaborates his theory of action without the people, for he stands against them. Nor can the people-as long as they are crushed and oppressed, internalizing the image of the oppressor-construct by themselves the theory of their liberating action. Only in the encounter of the people with the revolutionary leader-in their communion, in their praxis-can this theory be built (Freire, 2007, p. 183). Having leaders with integrity and institutional support are the necessary elements in the ending of oppression. Greater understanding and awareness should be developed into making individuals motivation independent from the negative identities, so that we have a society that is built on strong ambitious people. As part of a broader community, restructuring the capabilities which have been damaged and developing people to an equal threshold of using their potential and capabilities. Encouraging positive perceptions of identity would result in opening up many different possibilities and experiences which is critical in undermining the negative patterns of thoughts and feelings which result in internalising the oppression. Reducing the patterns of oppressive thoughts would be one of the first challenges towards making progress in ending all forms of internal and external oppression.

Rheumatoid Arthritis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that sauses chronic inflammation of the joints. Rhematiod arthritis can also cause inflammation of the tissue around the joints, as well as other organs in the body. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are mjistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organization of cells and antibodies designed normally to â€Å"seek and destroy† invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with these diseases have antibodies in their blood which target their own body tissues, where they can be associated with inflammation. Because it can affect multiple other organs of the body, rheumatoid arthritis is referred to as a systemic illness and is sometimes called rheumatoid disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness, meaning it can last for years, patients may experience long periods without symptoms. Typically, however, rheumatoid arthritis is a progressive illness that has the potential to cause joint destruction and functional disability. A joint is where two bones meet to allow movement of body parts. Arthritis means join inflammation. The join inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis causes swelling, pain ,stiffness, and redness in the joints. The inflammation of rheumatoid disease can also occur in tissues around the joints, such as the tendons, ligaments, and muscles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In some patienst with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the cartilage, bone and ligaments causing deformity of the joints. Damage to the joint can occur early in the disease and be progressive. Moreover, studies have shown that the progressive damage to the joints does not necessarily correlate with the degree of pain, stiffness, or swelling present in the joints.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rheumatoid arthritis is a common rheumatic disease, affecting more than two million people in the United States. The disease is three times more common in women as in men. It afflicts people of all races equally. The disease can begin at any age, but most often starts after age forty and before sixty. In some families, multiple members can be affected, suggesting a genetic basis for the disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Abroad

The advantages and disadvantages of going abroad for further studies As for this topic, I feel envied. As a person who has no chance to go abroad, I will go no matter how. It’s a different experience and it must do more good than bad, at least for me. We’ve lived in China for twenty years so we can broaden our eye sights and we may get some inspiration about life. That’s vital, as far as I’m concerned. Westerns have their own opinions on life value which we may use for reference. Sometimes, we take something too important, you could find it unnecessary when you contact with various people.Besides, communicating with people from different areas can improve your skills of interactions. As we all know, Chinese do not excel in cooperating with others but westerns are good at it. Thus, our common shortcomings in personality can be corrected by the environment. Thirdly, western countries are advanced in science, economy, culture and politics. So many aspects tha t we can learn and use them to develop our country. Also, we can bring Chinese culture there, which makes more people to know about its attraction.In addition, if you succeed in graduating from famous foreign university, a good working opportunity is waiting for you. You can lead a high quality life and enjoy life better, at least no worrying for the money. If you like, you can live in abroad and make your children get a better education. But every coin has two sides. Going abroad has its advantages which we should take into consideration. Students who are poor in adapting to new circumstances may feel lonely and hopeless at beginning. If this psychology can’t be changed, it may cause serious problems.Some may be addicted to the drugs or choose to drop out. Secondly, you may feel disappointed when you arrive the country because imagination and truth is dollars to doughnuts. You have to tolerate hard conditions such as rough rooms, living on bread and water, worrying about the money and being forced to do a part-job if you are not rich enough. Then heavy pressure from work and study may let you mad. Thirdly, it could be a problem to become fully integrated into the local community, which has a bad influence in mastering the foreign language and being familiar with the local culture.Above all, I am still of the opinion that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages in this case. Doing everything has the adventure and we can’t just focus on the harm it may cause. We may be brave if we want to read more about the world or improve yourself. There’s no doubt that some troubles must happen in the process, but you can gain something unexpected. Moreover, the phenomenon that more and more people would like to go abroad must have the reason, especially the upper class. No matter what others’ choices are, you should fully analyze it with combining your situation and make the best opt which you’ll never regret.

Calfornia Gold Rush in San Francisco Essay - 866 Words

California Gold Rush The California Gold Rush one of the biggest events in the U.S History. The Gold Rush was when gold was found by James .W. Marshall in 1848 in San Francisco, California. When this happened, emotions sparked in San Francisco (main site for the Gold Rush). The word spread so quickly that people from all around the Unites States flooded into San Francisco and causing overpopulation(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). In 6 years during the Gold Rush, the population increased by almost 36,000 residents(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). Overpopulation set in, and it was a major problem. This problem increased murders, fires, robberies and overall just many crimes(â€Å"The California Gold Rush†). More people means more houses being taken, and a†¦show more content†¦When there are more people, a lot more terrible murders, fires and accidents take place(The Effects of the Gold Rush.) . During the stampede of people coming over during the Gold Rush, crime went way up, more people will be involved in murders, robberies, kidnappings etc. Also there were more fires, pollution and more people without a place to stay. Many of these people had high hopes for money during the great find of gold, but so many people came over that there was not enough room for people to stay. All houses were full with people and it made people sleep on streets, and that is why crime went up, people were poor and needed food, so they would steal and kill for it(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). Fires happened because people would have a type of mentally that, if my family cant have it, neither can your family. So many people would come to San Francisco and go home empty handed(â€Å"California Gold Rush†). These are only some examples of how the Gold Rush was negative. Yes, there were positives, for example, it helped the economy, gold meant money. So the Gold Rush was not only affected in a negative way. but some positive. Now over 36,00 people came to San Francisco to live there, but a lot more people than that came. Over 100,000 immigrants, looking for anything to help them, came to California during the Gold Rush (â€Å"The California Gold Rush†). A lot of these immigrants were were African Americans. Many came from Mexico. The first man was on the San

Childrens Literature - 13219 Words

1. Introduction 3 2. Early History 6 The Greek and Roman Eras: 50 B.C.-A.D. 500 6 The Middle Ages: 500-1500 6 The Renaissance: 1500-1650 7 The Rise of Puritanism and John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The European Renaissance [1500-1650 CE] 32 The 17th Century 34 The 18th and Early 19th Centuries 35 The Victorians: The Golden Age 36 Twentieth†¦show more content†¦John Rowe Townsend once argued that the only practical definition of a childrens book is one that appears on the childrens list by a publisher. Contemporary publishers are not making that distinction any easier; for example, Maurice Sendaks Outside Over There (1981) was published as a picture book for both children and adults, and J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series is available in adult and childrens versions with the only difference being the books cover art. While folk and Fairy Tales were not originally intended for children, they have become a staple of childrens literature since the early nineteenth century. On the other hand, many books written for and widely read by children during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are considered historical childrens literature today and are read almost exclusively by adult scholars of childrens literature. Childrens literature has been written, illustrated, published, marketed, and purchased cons istently by adults to be given to children for their edification and entertainment. Generally speaking, it is the intended audience rather than the producers of the texts who define the field. Childrens texts written by child or adolescent authors, such as Daisy Ashfords The Young Visiters(1919) or Anne Franks Het Achterhuis (1947; The Diary of a Young Girl, 1952), are exceptions to the rule. Many famous childrens authors, such as Louisa MayShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Perspectives and Trends of Childrens Literature1594 Words   |  7 Pages Since the 18th century children’s literature has been held responsible for bringing entertainment to children of all ages across the world. But, when you actually think about it, what is children’s literature? The term seems easy enough to define, it is literature intended for children, but what is the definition of literature? According to Charlotte Huck (2010), literature is an imaginative shaping of life and thought into the forms and structures of language. This, in my opinion, is an excellentRead MoreThe Value of Childrens Literature to Childrens Development1148 Words   |  5 PagesBefore we explore the values of children literature to children’s development let us first define what Literature is then look more closely at a definition for Children’s Literature. Literature is thought, experience and imagination shaped into oral or written language that may include visual images. There are different forms of literature, such as stories, ballads, family narratives, jokes, jingles, street rhymes, videos, paintings, drawings, film and recorded books. Stories are a natural partRead MoreEssay about The Making of the Golden Age of Childrens Literature917 Words   |  4 PagesFor children’s literature the Golden Age was a time of reform and new beginnings. The Golden Age opened the doors for an interesting read where adults are not present. The literature that was intended for children during this period introduced a world of literature in which children were the protagonist. These stories not only take children on remarkable journeys though time but they also address many issues of social class in regards to children. The Golden Age reflects greatly the Victorian eraRead MoreChildrens Literature Becoming an Equalizer876 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of reading; which, is the basis for leaving England settling in America. Children’s literature started with teaching to read for the expressed purpose of understanding the word of a higher power and living accordingly. The importance of literacy becomes more apparent as society falls in to war. Furthermore, many authors, philosophers and many other important figures in history impacted children’s literature, expanding on the original idea reading is an equalizer. In Essay Concerning HumanRead More Childrens Literature Discussion Essay2900 Words   |  12 PagesChildrens Literature Discussion The history that makes us wish fairy tales did happen, that life were like a childrens book and we all lived happily ever after, is not an easy history to read or write. If we persist in thinking that children need hope and happy endings then the stories we give them about the Holocaust will be shaped by those expectationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For there are those who would tell us yet another fairy tale, one in which the mass murder of millions of people did not happenRead MoreChildren’s Literature in India Essay1893 Words   |  8 Pagesthat turn into princes. Their world is the world of pure innocent fun. And their literature is as a colour-riot as their world. Perceived as adults in the making, their books deal also with the issues of environment conservation, child labour, differently-abled and relationships – to name a few. Children’s literature in India is a subaltern field, only now beginning to attract its long overdue attention. While literature in English for adults attained an enviable position with the likes of Anita DesaiRead MoreThe Changing Face of Childrens Literature2610 Words   |  10 PagesChildren’s literature is always changing. It has evolved greatly over the generations. Children did not have their own stories in ancient times. Instead, they listened to oral storytellers who would recite stories I tended for adults to hear. Over time it became apparent that children needed there own stories. Moral stories and educational writing started to be written with children in mind. As printed books for children became more accessible, stories started to focus on entertaining children asRead MoreEscapism in Childrens Literature887 Words   |  3 PagesChildren’s literature can take many forms, from far-fetching science fiction to spell binding who-done-it mysteries. One o f the most popular ideas presented in these various forms is that of escapism. The characters in these stories explore quite complex social issues in ways that are less confrontational then realism. One might consider why escape is such a central theme; as a child there are numerous benefits to fantasy, it allows readers to experiment with different views of the world and takesRead MoreChildrens Literature Midterm Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Lit Red answers are incorrect 1. Myths are traditional literature that answer questions about natural phenomena as acts of deities 2. The STW (see, think, wonder) strategy helps children develop visual literacy 3. Which subcategory of fairy tales most frequently uses animals as characters? Trickster tales 4. Which category of traditional literature is also considered poetry? Ballads 5. Which book was the FIRST significant fantasy novel ever published? Black Beauty 6. Tall tales originatedRead MoreEssay on Racism in Childrens Literature2376 Words   |  10 Pagesmy research project I chose the topic of Racism in Childrens Literature. I chose this area of study because it is something that bothers me and I know as a child in school I was very uncomfortable with assignments that dealt with racism. One day I would like to make a difference to all the people who are affected by racism. My hypothesis states that if educators are better trained to deal with the delicate subject of racism in childrens literature, books would not be banned, yet actually teach the

The Impact of the Internet on Globalization Essay

The Impact of the Internet on Globalization Globalization, a growing phenomenon that can be described as a â€Å"shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy† (Hill 7), has been the subject of many books and discussions for the past decade. Along with the development of microprocessors, the Internet is perhaps the most significant technological innovation of our time, playing a substantial role in the growth of globalization. The Internet facilitated the expansion of the movement toward a global village through the creation of cheaper, faster and easier means of communication, the provision of a vast pool of information, and the expansion of e-commerce. The Internet provides a cheaper, faster and easier method of†¦show more content†¦The affordability, speed, and convenience of the Internet are the factors that account for the creation of this â€Å"global audience†. People all over the world are connected to the same network at the same time with access to the same pool of information. This enormous amount of information being accessed by everyone connected to the Internet is in itself a powerful tool in the development of globalization. Anyone can create a website and write whatever piece of information they desire. Books, magazines, newspapers, and editorials are shared globally. Video clips, PowerPoint presentations and various materials can be viewed online and used for different purposes. This creates a form of optimistic multiculturalism, where anyone with access to the Internet can communicate local, ethnic, religious, and national beliefs to a worldwide and international audience. Thus, a general homogenization or internationalization of cultures arises, favoring Western developed nations, their languages and values, yet accompanied by an awareness of a resulting dilution or disappearance of local and minority cultures. This worldwide diffusion of dominant Western and American cultures who are globalized through ownership of production and infrastructure gives â€Å"globalization† a negative connotation often termed hegemony, cultural imperialism, or Americanization by members of underdeveloped countri es and by individuals who feel that their country and belief systems are threatened byShow MoreRelatedThe Second Key Driver Manipulating The Spread Of Globalization894 Words   |  4 Pagesmanipulating the spread of globalization is technological change. The reductions of international trade and investment barriers made globalization of markets and globalization of production a theoretical possibility; technological change made it a visible reality (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2014). Over the years, there has been major technological development. There are three major technological advancements, include microprocessors and telecommunications, the internet and the World Wide Web andRead MoreThe World Wide Web As A Practitioner s Perspective1458 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Mark Pallen, â€Å"The world wide web is the crowning glory of the internet, providing a uniform, user friendly interface to the net.† The world wide web is the system that connects the internet together, and therefore connects the entire world. Without the interface of the world wide web, the internet would simply be a collections of ones and zeros, not the place of communication, learning, and collaboration it is. The world wide web was the most infl uential improvement of the 1990s becauseRead MoreThe Combined Effects of the Internet and Globalization751 Words   |  3 Pages1. The impact of globalization and the internet presents real challenges for corporate strategic planners across the world. What is the impact of globalization and the internet on the corporate world? Explain the important role of strategic planning in todays competitive business world in light of these two forces? The combined effects of the Internet and globalization have made the challenges of implementing strategic plans and initiatives even more challenging and difficult. The long-standingRead MoreGlobalization : The World And Created Unity Out Of Great Diversity Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies, globalization has increasingly knitted 　　together the world and created unity out of great diversity. Coca Cola, Disney and McDonald’s symbolize the process, along with Sony, Shell Oil and IBM. They are products known and consumed from Ulan Bator to Little Rock - and also powerful companies that drive globalization forward, creating new laws, new business practices, new ways to eat and drink, new hopes and dreams. Optimists look forward to a global village, linked together by the Internet, andRead MoreCulture Globalization and Its Impact on Recreation Culture1353 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty century until that day by globalization theory, its concept and future impacts . the scientists opinions had varied about globalization repercussions at rising countries including the Arab and Islamic countries . cultural globalization is one of globalization fields which correlated by cultural side , all life fields impacted by globalization , the sport field is one of fields which impact by social phenomenon w hat appear on societies , but globalization appearance and its effect on anyRead MoreNegatives Of Globalization1236 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is a complex term which is deeply controversial due to the socio-economic integration of the world into one global economy. It is the process that includes integration and interaction among the people, companies, money, and government of different nations. This process also includes the impact of economic development, cultural enhancement, changes in the environment, financial institution, technological transformation and human society all over the world. There are many factorsRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Globalization on Young People in Saudi Arabia1457 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is the increasing unification of regional economies, societies, and cultures through communication, transportation and trade. It is mainly driven by a combination of economic, technological, social-cultural, biological and political factors. It can also be referred to as the transitional circulation of ideas, languages, or popular cultures through acculturation. Researchers have argued that globalization started as early as the start of trade links between Sumer and the IndusRead MoreAmerican History: Impact of Globalization on American Life657 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization impacts every area of American life: from the products we buy to the way we do things. One of the ways globalization affects individual communities is by making those communities more diverse. Globalization makes the migration of people, as well as products and stores, more possible. There are some negative aspects of globalization. For example, globalization makes it more likely that we will see less variety of stores. The proliferation of the same stores in every neighborhood, evenRead MoreThomas Friedman’S Introduction Started With A Brief History876 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology and globalization changed people’s lives and many people didn’t realize it. His first two paragraphs were difficult for me to understand because I was mainly vi sualizing the historic events. And I couldn’t see how he related globalization to the earth being round or flat. In Friedman’s globalization analyses, he was referring in a general aspect to the impact that the advancement of technology created. He used past events as observations to prove his point of view in globalization. The wayRead MoreGlobalization : The Super Story1366 Words   |  6 PagesFriedman’s article, Globalization: The Super-Story, he defines globalization as the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before. In simple terms, globalization is the process of international mingle that comes from the interchange of world views. Friedman is one of the key protagonists of the concept of globalization and defines this new system with a series of key words and three balances which make up the globalization system. Friedman

Issues In Global Business And Strategic Concepts †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Issues In Global Business And Strategic Concepts. Answer: Introduction Siemens AG is the organisation involved in various sectors such as energy, healthcare and infrastructure and their headquarters are situated in Berlin and Munich. It has been included in the largest manufacturing industrial organisation amongst the European countries. Today, Siemens is included in the leading organisations involved in the generation of electricity through wind turbines. Wind source of generation of electricity is a good source as it does not requires huge investment and human efforts after its instalments. Along with each wind turbine, one power system is installed through computerised system which shows the speed of wind, generation of wind at certain time, condition of the machine, etc. And the main feature of these turbines is that their system shows an error in case of any issue with the wind turbine so that it could be solved as soon as possible to avoid the chance of generation of electricity. Wind energy is included in the renewable sources of energy generatio n. All those sources which are offered by nature such as sunlights, wind, rain, etc. are known as renewable energy sources. The report of issues in global business and strategic concept will determine the future requirements of population in terms of energy. This report will conclude the topics of political economy, strategy of international business, entry strategy and strategic alliance, exporting importing and countertrade, global production outsourcing, etc. Renewable Energy Strategy As per Wheelen Hunger, (2011) the energy resources which could be used more than one time without paying any cost are known as renewable energy sources. In other words, sources provided by nature such as wind, rain, sunlight, etc. are included in the renewable sources of energy. Apart from these resources, not a single artificial source for producing energy could be used more than once. Apart from its replenishment, these sources do not harm the environment and society. There are other sources also available through which electricity could be produced but these sources are bit costly. Alternative energy is another source of generation of energy through fossil fuels. These are non-traditional and they do not create much impact over the environment. As wind turbines work with the natural force of air, alternatives sources work with the help of fossil fuels. While comparing renewable energy and alternative energy a small difference generates which is environmental impact. Biomass is al so a part of renewable source of energy and it is found from the waste derived from the decomposition, animal wastages, etc. Alternative energy is also a source which contributes for renewable sources of energy. Biomass and biodiesel are two components which manufacture alternative energy (Connolly, et. al., 2012). Waste from animals, decomposition of animals, food, industrial waste, etc. are very useful as these produce an appropriate amount of energy sources. These are also counted in the renewable sources because they do not create negative impact over environment. Biodiesel is another component which is also used in vehicles and generators. It is an alternative source of energy sources and these are found below the land and machinery is built by human being to use them as an alternative source of energy (Twidell Weir, 2015). Operating Environment Operating environment is a term generally used in technical field and as Siemen is also involved in the same industry hence; operating environment for Siemens will be there workplace, employees and all other supporting machineries, etc. which helps to perform all the activities in appropriate manner. In their operating environment for wind division, turbines plays very important role and these turbines are of two types i.e. offshore and onshore wind project types (Tones Osgood, 2011). Offshore Wind project: Offshore project has much more potential then onshore projects for accomplishments of goals and objectives for the organisation. These turbines are setup at the sea or at fresh water. These were introduced in 1990s and at that time its average delivery was 6 MW which has turned to 350 MW. Rapid improvement in the potential of offshore projects has not only helps the Siemens to expand and to achieve till their targets; it has also found the correct way to use natural resources for fulfilment of energy resources demands. The average electricity generate from offshore project could fulfil the demand of Europe 7 times while for US people 4 times. These turbines were introduced with a view to determine the outcome but after determining its impact, it has been included in the most powerful resources of generation of energy without impacting environment (Barthelmie Jensen, 2010). Onshore Wind project: Onshore wind turbines are situated at the land and especially in the farm area or desert area because air flow is much high in those areas irrespective of urban area. Onshore wind power is also very potential and their maintenance and setup does not evolve a high cost. These are low maintenance and mainly they have emerged as the most favoured solution to resolve the issue of scarcity of energy resources. Now it is being followed in almost all parts of the globe and Siemens has gained the peak position through using both types of wind energy projects i.e. offshore and onshore projects (Enevoldsen Sovacool, 2016). Political Involvement There are some projects in every country which should be performed by government but due to their failure or non-interest in the concerned field, private organisation come up with a view to setup these kind of projects. Setting wind turbines is also one of the important projects for every country as this helps the country to solve their energy consumption issues. Siemens is also involved in the same field but Singapore government took interest while setting up these turbines in the sea and in the land (Engels, et. al., 2013). Government may take interest in public interest projects for their welfare and for their welfare. Government intervene in the market through imposing tariffs i.e. taxes, imposing subsidies i.e. contributing to less down the cost of production hence, people could get it at low rates, etc. Government perform this action for increasing the economic growth of the country. Some other interests of government are protecting jobs for citizens of the country, setting appropriate rates so that customers could afford energy resources, etc. (Swofford Slattery, 2010). Strategy of international business Siemens is an organisation which is already involved in health, infrastructure and in the wind division as well. In this report, strategic policies of Siemens are analysed to evaluate its impact today and in coming future. Strategy is a plan or action taken by an individual, group, and organisation or by government to perform. Without making strategies, implementation and planning process may differ and create issues. Siemens have developed a set of strategies for wind division so that appropriate outcome could be gained. These policies are profitability of the organisation, cost implementation, reducing cost, appointment of experienced candidates, etc. While entering into another country, every organisation needs to take permission from their countrys government as well as from other countrys government. Some countries have implemented the free trade. This term determines that government will not impose any kind of glitch in working of organisation and they can do business in any co untry in which they want without any issue. While setting up wind division, Siemens performed these activities which turned as their strategies to achieve success and sustainable growth for future (Cavusgil, et. al., 2014). Setting up wind turbines was the motive for Siemens to fulfil the requirement of its countrys requirement in relevance with energy resources and to export the extra energy generated to maximise their profitability and for its expansion. Siemens developed a set of effective strategies for research and development department to evaluate the rough estimate of electricity required by the country, strategies for determination of appropriate places to setup wind turbines, etc. Siemens is included in the leading manufacturers of energy resources and they have also set up their business in other countries for business expansion. Their techniques for extracting the electricity from turbines and the most effective reason for their rapid success are maintenance and adequate care for turbines. This helps them to make the process error free and efficient (Welch, et. al., 2011). Strategies of Siemens wind power division As per Juckenack Madlener, (2011) Siemens is involved in various activities such as healthcare, infrastructure sector and in the wind energy sector too. The primary activity which is performed by Siemens is manufacturing of medical equipment and this sector contributes 12% of the total sales for Siemens. The organisation is working across the globe and approximately 362,000 employees are engaged with this organisation and along with this they have reported 75.6 billion global revenue in the year of 2015. The organisation was found in the year of 1847 by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske. And today it is being the leading organisation in various sectors and it all depends upon the strategies used by the organisation for attaining the success. Every organisation requires an point through which it can boost up its growth and for this they requires clear direction, effective internal setup, adequate employees who could turn the negative things into positive ones, etc. These strategies help any business to grow rapidly and this also attracts the customers. Below is the discussion regarding the strategies used by Siemens in relevance to wind division: Focuses on innovation: Most appropriate strategy which is crucial for performing in certain fields is innovation. Innovation is the term which acquires suitable methods and research programs so that adequate measures could be adopted for achieving the targets. Today Siemens has developed their effective position in the global market using these strategies which have made their distinctive image from its competitors. Producing electricity through wind turbines is not easy and not so hard; it only requires adequate planning and a set of appropriate methods to achieve appropriate outcomes (ONeal, et. al., 2011). Customer Centric approach: This approach determines that organisation concentrate on satisfaction of its customers and amongst this, organisation is working has given employment opportunities so that they could build valid trust level in the society. In every field, Siemens has used this approach for effective results. Siemens is also involved in the manufacturing of medical equipment and the most important feature of this approach is to attain sustain profitability of the organisation. Siemens have adopted the technique of electrification which eases various methods such as power generation, power distribution, power transmission and application of electrical energy and along with this electrification technique also promotes the feature of automation and digitalisation. Siemens concentrate on developing adequate relationship with the customers and for the same have setup a separate department under which customers feedbacks are solved as soon as possible by providing them adequate r esolutions to their issues. For appointment of employees for Siemens, there is strong process exists as for wind energy division, experienced and talented candidates would be proven as useful. Growth and expansion of the business depends upon its work procedures, ethics and its employees and their employees are so talented and along with employees their technicians are also very potential (Wagner, et. al., 2011). Flexible gas turbines: People are very much aware about the generation process of energy as well as of scarce resources of energy. Hence, they have also taken initiative of setting up power plants like solar energy, biomass energy plant, etc. for generation of electricity for their usage. Wind turbines used by Siemens are effective enough and result oriented. These turbines are gas turbines through which they have replaced the old techniques through which cost of production has also reduced and efficiency of the organisation has increased. These turbines are small in size as compared to the old ones and the old turbines used were so heavy so that high speed air volume could make an effect to them and these turbines are light in weight so that light air flow could also be used in generation of electricity (Soares, 2011). Offshore wind power: Wind power acts as the crucial component of renewable energy sources and it is for long term purpose. Offshore wind turbines are so effective and the chances of error found in their procedure is approximately nil. Siemens is one of the leading organisations which are using this technique for generation of electricity and this technique has turned into the most crucial factor for their success. Today Siemens has been ranked at the peak position in this industry. By reviewing the success of Siemens, many organisations of the same field have also adopted this technique for electricity production and to attain adequate position (Bilgili, et. al., 2011). Sources of energy production: Energy consumption is increased widely rapidly and the sources for production of energy have reduced widely. Natural resources and other resources which are included in renewable resources other than wind, water, geothermal heat, etc. and alternative resources, biomass energy resources are also included in the renewable resources of energy. Biodiesel is also being included in the renewable resources of electricity and other energy sources. It is a type of oil that is also used in engines of vehicles, generators, etc. Energy produced from these sources is kept in the centralised and systematic manner so that consumers requirement could be fulfilled from their only (Brownson, et. al., 2011). Urban and Rural area mobility: Urban and rural area are distinctive from each other in various manner and the basic difference is consumption and supply of electricity in those areas. Supply of electricity is very less in rural areas and this is the main reason for their non-development. Transportation services between rural and urban areas are also a major reason for non-development of rural areas. Siemens have reduced the effect of transportation services and for this they have built adequate mediums so that life standard of rural people could also be improved. This strategy used by Siemens increased their popularity in the urban as well as in rural areas (Schrank, et. al., 2012). Digital-twin software: Merge of real world and virtual world is increasing more and more. Software provided by Siemens has reduced the efforts of its customers in manufacturing of products effectively and efficiently (Cerrone, et. al., 2014). Crucial factors for industries: Major business industries ad enterprises require adequate amount of electricity and other energy resources to run their factories for production kind of activities. Siemens have provided them the amount of energy resources as required by them to make a good image amongst the industrialists. As wind energy is the cheapest source of generation of electricity and there is not negative impact of wind turbines over environment. Expansion of industries and business enterprises is due to fulfilment of appropriate amount of energy resources (Onetti, et. al., 2012). Control over necessary things: The most and crucial thing for Siemens for wind division is turbines. Their maintenance regular check-up is very necessary so that all the procedure of production of electricity using air flow could not be wasted. Apart from this, employees should also be treated well and time to time attractive policies should be implemented in the workplace of the organisation so that employees could get motivated and work for even more better from their previous performance. For instance, a technician was awarded with a surprise gift for his past performance, hence he gets motivated and a bit greedy too in relevance to surprise gift. From that time, the same technician has earned a lot of gifts from the organisation through his constant impressive performance. Performing up to the standards of the organisation helps both, organisation as well as individual (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2010). Siemens wind power division Strategies to meet future expectations Siemens is working in various fields and energy sector is one of those fields under which Siemens performs. There are various strategies adopted by Siemens for increasing the efficiency of the organisation and to fulfil the energy related requirement of the people across the globe. Some of its current strategies are as follows: For accomplishment of future goals and objective, Siemens needs to evaluate and adopt an effective set of strategies, which are as follows: Globalisation: It is the term where organisations of other countries moves forward to their business expansion and to fulfil the demands of market. It is very common these days because every country does not have all specialities, hence the general motive to for merging is to deliver most adequate and appropriate so that products demand could be enhanced. For instance, A company of automobile industry from Japan merges with a company in Singapore which were best in developing models and designs. Hence, combination of appropriate technology and best design will result in increasing deaden for the product and it will leads to profitability and expansion in international markets. Involving this step in the strategies of Siemens could help in expansion and growth in the international markets. International monetary funds, world bank, etc. are some of the examples of globalisation (Zoomers, 2010). Political Economy: The policies, standards and benchmarks developed to perform the activities for international trade or for local trade should match the political considerations such as economic, legal aspects of the particular country. Adaptation of these strategies will turn the things up for Siemens and it will leads to the growth and expansion of the organisation. Wind division is not an easy task but it will be easy if it performed with experienced and talented technicians, by following all the rules and regulations set up by the countrys government, legal, social and other considerations fulfilment, etc. Non-fulfilment of political considerations could create many difficulties for the organisation and for its performance. To maintain the adequate image and to avoid any kind of glitch in the processes of the organisation, these should be fulfilled adequately to attain the effective and efficient performance (Marx, 2010). International Trade Theory: With the increasing demand for the products and services, organisation needs to expand its production capacity to match with the requirements. Siemens has setup the wind division as offshore and onshore projects and with increasing demand of energy resources by increasing population of Singapore, they needs to develop more wind turbines for extraction of extra energy resources. Performing these activities would conclude the huge investment as well as adequate place is also required so that effective outcomes could be obtained. International theory has various aspects which helps the organisation in expansion. The first aspect is free trade under which organisation is free to move to any country for business purpose or for setting up any kind of business project, they does not need to take permission from local government. Hence, Siemens could move to any international market for setting up as they have the adequate techniques through which they have been r anked at the peak position in the same industry. This will fulfil the demand of the energy resources of its consumers as well as it will also help the organisation to build the effective image in the international market (Johnson, 2013). Conclusion The report concluded the strategies used by Siemens to build effective image in the wind division sector which is an energy generation sector. Along with the generation of energy resources, this organization is involved in the manufacturing and distribution of health sector and infrastructure sector. Its strategies to meet the future expectations of the countrys people were also discussed in this report. Importance of operating environment, following political involvement and strategies for international business were also discussed. Siemens have been ranked at peak position with its strategies used and to maintain the same position in the dynamic and competitive business environment, organization requires keeping up to date their strategies so that future and current expectations could be meeting up rapidly. While evaluating the Siemens strategies, they have performed their trading activities by following each step carefully. They performed research and development activities to ana lyse the market conditions to set up wind turbines, estimating cost to set up the system and most importantly arranging funds for the project. All these activities were performed and then with the due permission from the Singapore government, they initiated performing in wind division through setting up offshore and onshore energy projects to extract the energy from natural resources. Recommendations It is recommended that Siemens should use the effective strategies and appropriate policies in relevance to the wind projects. These projects are high cost oriented and with the high cost, there is a huge risk factor is involved. Hence, adequate policies in relation with the maintenance of the wind turbines should be developed. A small glitch in the wind turbines performance could impact the generation of electricity. In the year of 1990 when these turbines were launched, its height and capacity of production was 6 MW whereas it has turned to 350 MW in present. As per reviewing the market demand of energy resources, it is increasing wisely and Siemens needs to evaluate these data so that appropriate outcomes could be oriented in the future. Using offshore and onshore projects of wind energy should also be evaluated effectively so that appropriate energy could be generated. Offshore energy projects are potential enough whereas onshore energy project has developed its image as it has f ulfilled the market demand rapidly in recent years. Hence, managing balance between these two energy projects is the main and crucial factor for achieving adequate position in the market. References Barthelmie, R.J. Jensen, L.E., 2010, Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm,Wind Energy,vol. 13 (6), pp.573-586. Bilgili, M., Yasar, A. Simsek, E., 2011, Offshore wind power development in Europe and its comparison with onshore counterpart,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. 15 (2), pp.905-915. Brownson, D.A., Kampouris, D.K. Banks, C.E., 2011, An overview of graphene in energy production and storage applications,Journal of Power Sources,vol. 196 (11), pp.4873-4885. Casadesus-Masanell, R. Ricart, J.E., 2010, From strategy to business models and onto tactics,Long range planning,vol. 43 (2), pp.195-215. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. Rose, E.L., 2014,Pearson Australia, International business. Cerrone, A., Hochhalter, J., Heber, G. Ingraffea, A., 2014, On the effects of modeling as-manufactured geometry: toward digital twin,International Journal of Aerospace Engineering. Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Pican, E. Leahy, M., 2012, The technical and economic implications of integrating fluctuating renewable energy using energy storage,Renewable Energy,vol. 43, pp.47-60. Enevoldsen, P. Sovacool, B.K., 2016, Examining the social acceptance of wind energy: Practical guidelines for onshore wind project development in France,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,vol. 53, pp.178-184. Engels, A., Hther, O., Schfer, M. Held, H., 2013, Public climate-change skepticism, energy preferences and political participation,Global environmental change,vol. 23 (5), pp.1018-1027. Johnson, H.G., 2013,Routledge, International trade and economic growth (collected works of Harry Johnson): Studies in pure theory. Juckenack, S. Madlener, R., 2011,ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN), Optimal time to start serial production: the case of the direct drive wind turbine of Siemens wind power A/S(No. 6/2011). E. Marx, K., 2010, A contribution to the critique of political economy, InMarx Today(pp. 91-94). Palgrave Macmillan US. ONeal, R.D., Hellweg, R.D. Lampeter, R.M., 2011, Low frequency noise and infrasound from wind turbines,Noise Control Engineering Journal,vol. 59 (2), pp.135-157. Onetti, A., Zucchella, A., Jones, M.V. McDougall-Covin, P.P., 2012, Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms,Journal of Management Governance,vol. 16 (3), pp.337-368. Schrank, D., Eisele, B. Lomax, T., 2012, TTIs 2012 urban mobility report,Texas AM Transportation Institute. The Texas AM University System, p.4. Soares, C., 2011,Butterworth-Heinemann, Gas turbines: a handbook of air, land and sea applications. Swofford, J. Slattery, M., 2010, Public attitudes of wind energy in Texas: Local communities in close proximity to wind farms and their effect on decision-making,Energy policy,vol. 38 (5), pp.2508-2519. Tones, C. Osgood, P.N., Siemens Industry, Inc., 2011.U.S. Patent 7,900,933, Bearing seal with flexible lip. Twidell, J. Weir, T., 2015,Routledge, Renewable energy resources. Wagner, R., Courtney, M., Gottschall, J. Lindelw?Marsden, P., 2011, Accounting for the speed shear in wind turbine power performance measurement,Wind Energy,vol. 14 (8), pp.993-1004. Welch, C., Piekkari, R., Plakoyiannaki, E. Paavilainen-Mntymki, E., 2011, Theorising from case studies: Towards a pluralist future for international business research,Journal of International Business Studies,vol. 42 (5), pp.740-762. Wheelen, T.L. Hunger, J.D., 2011,Pearson Education India, Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Zoomers, A., 2010, Globalisation and the foreignisation of space: seven processes driving the current global land grab,The Journal of Peasant Studies,vol. 37 (2), pp.429-447.